Friendship: What Makes a Good Friend? :: Friendship Essays

When I think about what makes someone a good friend, I think about all the characteristics of my own friends. My personal definition of a friend, is someone who is always looking out for me, and will help me if I’m in trouble. A friend has to be someone I trust and who trusts me in return. Another important characteristic in a friend is someone who I can talk to, and makes me laugh. One of the most important traits of a friend, is someone who will help you if you need it. One personal experience I had with this was when my friends, Mark, Steve, and I we all out driving around late at night. We were on our way home from going up to my camp at the lake, it was four in the morning, and we were all tired. I was driving my car and we had just gotten off the Northway when I ran over a glass bottle and my tire popped. I didn’t know what to do. We had no money, and were stranded. Millions of thoughts were racing through my mind: what would I tell my mom, how could we get it fixed, and most importantly how could I stay out of trouble. My friend Mark called up his brother to come and tow the car. His actions that night made me realized that a true friend would takes risks for each other. A strong friendship also depends upon mutual trust. If you can’t trust each other then it is impossible to establish a strong relationship. In the past, I have been able to tell my friends personal feelings, and know that they would keep secrets to themselves. One time my friend and I were riding on my friend James’ lawnmower and we hit the side of the garage. We promised each other that we would take it to the grave. Even though we should have eventually told someone, we kept it to ourselves. Another quality I like to have in a friend, is someone who can make me laugh. A perfect example of this is my friend Bob. Some of the comments he would say would be so outrageous; I couldn’t help but laugh. One time I traveled to Montreal with my friends, and the entire four-hour drive I spent laughing. Bob and I sat in the back seat cracking jokes the whole time. This is important because it is good to know that regardless of the mood, or situation I’m in, a good friend can make me laugh. When I asked other students their thought on friendship, I Friendship: What Makes a Good Friend? :: Friendship Essays When I think about what makes someone a good friend, I think about all the characteristics of my own friends. My personal definition of a friend, is someone who is always looking out for me, and will help me if I’m in trouble. A friend has to be someone I trust and who trusts me in return. Another important characteristic in a friend is someone who I can talk to, and makes me laugh. One of the most important traits of a friend, is someone who will help you if you need it. One personal experience I had with this was when my friends, Mark, Steve, and I we all out driving around late at night. We were on our way home from going up to my camp at the lake, it was four in the morning, and we were all tired. I was driving my car and we had just gotten off the Northway when I ran over a glass bottle and my tire popped. I didn’t know what to do. We had no money, and were stranded. Millions of thoughts were racing through my mind: what would I tell my mom, how could we get it fixed, and most importantly how could I stay out of trouble. My friend Mark called up his brother to come and tow the car. His actions that night made me realized that a true friend would takes risks for each other. A strong friendship also depends upon mutual trust. If you can’t trust each other then it is impossible to establish a strong relationship. In the past, I have been able to tell my friends personal feelings, and know that they would keep secrets to themselves. One time my friend and I were riding on my friend James’ lawnmower and we hit the side of the garage. We promised each other that we would take it to the grave. Even though we should have eventually told someone, we kept it to ourselves. Another quality I like to have in a friend, is someone who can make me laugh. A perfect example of this is my friend Bob. Some of the comments he would say would be so outrageous; I couldn’t help but laugh. One time I traveled to Montreal with my friends, and the entire four-hour drive I spent laughing. Bob and I sat in the back seat cracking jokes the whole time. This is important because it is good to know that regardless of the mood, or situation I’m in, a good friend can make me laugh. When I asked other students their thought on friendship, I

Marketing Mix Essay

1.1 Background to the Report Strategic management refers to analysing the important initiatives which are taken by the top management of the company on behalf of the owners. It successfully keeps a track of day- to- day activities which are going into an organization to organise the resources and plan a strategy which the organization should follow in order to get benefit in the business. It provides a direction to the organization and is closely related to the field of organizational structure. (Hambrick, 2007) In this report, strategic management of Singapore Airlines is critically evaluated on the basis of several strategies used by them. This not only helped the company in achieving the results but also enabled SIA to expand itself in the global market as well as establish a new base in the new expanding countries. 1.2 Aims of the research are – To develop a good understanding about what involves in Strategic management. To develop knowledge about constituents of strategic management process. Critical assessment of strategies of a selected organization. To throw some light on the internal and external environment of selected organization. Gap analysis for Singapore Airlines – 2. Analysis of internal framework of Singapore Airlines – Capability to restore competency in order to attain similarity with the change in business environment are termed as dynamic capabilities. This is done by reconfiguring, mixing and adjusting external and internal resources, skills and abilities (Teece et al., 1997). 2.1 Resources – Connecting strategic resources and core strategies is defined as ‘configuration’ by Hamel where core competencies and assets, process and assets are organized and combined in order to maintain strategies (Hamel, 2002). Resources are divided into two categories, tangible and intangible resources of Singapore Airlines. They are further divided into sub categories on the basis of which it can be assessed that core strategies and strategic resources were well connected. 2.2 Capabilities – On the basis of broad variety of competency and technological expertise in newly invented planes, Singapore Airlines effectively fascinated more airlines clients to its fleet management industry, securing its place as major fleet management facility providers of the world. It also persists on expanding its potential by means of strategic joint ventures. For instance, a joint venture agreement is signed by SIA with Panasonic Avionic Corporation in order to prepare a facility for maintenance, repair and operation of communication and in-flight entertainment. Facility will be based in Singapore and components will be generated by Panasonic Avionics (Singapore Airlines, 2011). 2.3 Core Competencies – Core competencies of Singapore Airlines consist of the interpersonal talents of its flight assistants and ability of its top level management in planning strategies for marketing. They endeavour to make flights as relaxing as possible (Singapore Airlines, 2011). 3. Analysis of external framework of Singapore Airlines – PESTEL Analysis FactorsSingapore Airlines PoliticalUnpredictable, SIA reject Air India offer EconomicSIA offer created trouble in Hong Kong SocialSIA Airplane crash in Taiwan TechnologicalQuick technology implementation EnvironmentalLaunch of A380 Air career LegalPassengers safety 4. Five forces of porter – Porter’s five forces model deliver a well-liked external analysis framework for Singapore Airlines. After analysing the internal and external framework of Singapore Airlines, S.W.O.T analysis is performed in order to assess SIA’s capabilities, followed by the critical analysis of corporate and business level strategies. 5. S.W.O.T. Analysis – Strengths – Singapore Airlines has an expanded geographical reach. They operate in a number of reasons like US, West Asia, Europe, Africa, South west Pacific and East Asia. They run flights to 63 cities globally, whereas its division Silk Air is offering flights in 12 countries with 39 cities. Considerable amount of revenue is generated by SIA group with its airline operations around the globe. Equally spread and diversified revenue base guarantees that group is not dependent on single geographic market for most of its profits, by which business risk decreases significantly. Though, SIA is basically a passenger airline, but the group is also offering various specialized services like engineering services, airline operations, cargo operations, etc. which are providing them stability by diversifying business threats. Additionally, SIA group has a policy of maintaining young aircraft fleets, which emit lower carbon emissions and have less burning of fuel per kilometres. This is also strength of SIA group as this factor helps in keeping maintenance costs less, along with reducing performance related security concerns (Heracleous, 2006). Weaknesses – SIA faced extremely competitive market in its initial phases. Many countries restricted air-route access to protect national airlines from other competitions. SIA worked hard to get access rights for many important airports (eg. Heathrow, Manchester) (Reddy, 2004). Various competitive authorities keep on investigating about Singapore airlines and its subsidiaries. For example, South Korea, Canada, Australia, South Africa and European Union investigated about SIA group in order to determine whether the rates, surcharges, and other characteristics of cargo service were determined lawfully or not. In financial year 2012, SIA paid administrative penalty to South African competition commission (2.8millionUSD) as settlement. Legal expenses connected with the inquiry and court case and time spent on this issue left an impact on SIA’s business and operations. Opportunities – Singapore Airlines with its well-built base of operations and proficiency, is well placed to reap advantages from the worldwide boom in tourism industry. This would help SIA Group to produce extra profits. Also, group is focusing on joint ventures and strategic operational alliances to add opportunities for growth and sales. SIA entered into partnerships (jetblue Airways) and code-sharing agreements (Virgin Australia/ Virgin America) in order to increase growth opportunities. For instance, SIA signed code share agreement with Virgin America in December 2012 (SIA, Virgin America reach code-sharing agreement, 2012). SIA will add its ‘SQ’ airline code to flights of virgin which are America-operated serving Washington DC, Las Vegas, Seattle, Chicago, etc Furthermore, SIA group has launched ‘Scoot’ which is a low cost carrier in order to grow its existence in low cost flight market. This step will enable SIA group to attract more groups of customers which will in crease its growth and revenues. Threats – Competition is very high in the airline industry. Reputation, safety records, customers service, flight schedules, fares, code-sharing relations are few parameters of competitions. SIA faces straight competition with other carriers on its route. Cathay Pacific, Japan airlines, United Continental,  AMR are few of its competitors. Extreme competition on the basis of price matching, promotions, discounting, capacity, etc. affects operating margins of SIA. Also, Natural disasters can have affect on SIA’s operations effecting the cash flows and financial state. Moreover, hike in the prices of jet fuel can increase operating costs, which can affect the profitability (Heracleous, 2006). 6. Strategies used by Singapore Airlines – 6.1 Corporate level Strategies – Diversification – Companies tend to grow their full potential in economies which are developing, with the help of strategic diversification. Strategy of diversification is followed by SIA at the corporate level. SIA group has number of primary companies with key companies being SIA Cargo, SIA Engineering Company and Silk AIR. They also have number of associated companies. Its Airlines divisions which consist of 49% ownership of Virgin Atlantic, 32 % of Tiger Airways and entire ownership of local carrier Silk Air cover basic segments of customer in the industry. This was a long-term strategy (Singapore Airlines, 2008). Benefits of using diversification by Singapore Airlines is to enable passing of learning and control quality and side by side reaping cost synergies. Subsidiaries serve as sources of learning; and also as progress arena for skills of management and corporate rather than divisional viewpoint through job rotation. Profit margins are better in related operations (like aircraft maintenance and catering) on comparison with airline business itself as structure of industry in those sectors is more favourable. (Singapore Airlines, 2008). Strategic Alliances – In April 2000, SIA joined Star Alliance as a step of its internationalization strategy. In the three main airline alliances, Star alliance hold its place  with Oneworld and Skyteam. Also, In India and China, SIA Group were investing through planned deals during this time. Deals were done with local services like engineering services, cargo85 divisions, catering and airport services. SIA is also under a code share contract with Malaysian Airlines. These airlines are offering up to 14 flights in a day between Kuala Lumpur and Singapore (Doganis, 2006). For the expansion of the company, strategic alliances are becoming more common tool. SIA used strategic alliances for increasing competitiveness in the global and domestic markets. This helped SIA in developing new business opportunities with the help of new services and products. This resulted in the expansion and growth of company globally. An alliance is a business-to-business relationship (Jeffrey, 2004). 6.2 Business level strategies – Differentiation strategy – Premium services were successfully delivered by Singapore Airlines to those customers who are very demanding and this can be termed as achieving differentiation strategy. This helped Singapore Airlines in identifying that different customers are broadly scattered, with varied needs and sufficient spending power. If an organization is unique in something which is valuable to its customers at the same time, it differentiates itself in the marketplace (Chamberline & Robinson, 1996). If an offer is valuable for the customers, they tend to be less sensitive to characteristics of competing suggestions where cost may not be one among these characteristics. This accomplishment of SIA challenges viewpoint of Porter that cost leadership and differentiation strategies are equally exclusive strategies (Porter, 1985). Differentiation strategy allowed Singapore Airlines to insulate itself partially from rivalry competitors of same industry. Customers of differentiated services were less sensitive to prices and they started preferring SIA over other airlines, that is, SIA succeeded in gaining customer loyalty (Hitt et al., 2007). SIA carefully applied this strategy and played safe by delivering premium services appropriately without over-proliferating them. leadership strategy – Singapore Airlines has considerably greater effectiveness than its peer group, which is a crucial aspect of an effective leadership strategy. They have young fleets which have lower maintenance costs; they are fuel efficient and have effective hedging of fuel. Labor cost of SIA is comparatively low (16.6%) than average of all prime airlines (20.1%) (Singapore Airlines, 2008). Singapore Airlines have youngest fleets in the airline industry, which is worth considering. Their fleets have average age of 75 months, and average age of half of airline industry fleets is 163 months. SIA’s fleets are much efficient. Younger planes are quiet, comfortable and fuel efficient. They have low repair, service and maintenance costs which are all part of its leadership strategy. 7. Recommendations – Keeping in mind the weaknesses discussed above, some recommendations for Singapore Airlines come into light like keeping company information confidential. SIA paid huge fine as various companies successfully investigated about SIA’s internal facts and figures. Also, they need to keep a close eye on its competitors who try to gain lead in the competition on the basis of price matching, promotions, discounting and capacity. 8. Conclusion – A variety of strategies were executed by Singapore Airlines by which the company is successful for a considerable time. By keeping a track on industrial environment and the macro environment, Singapore Airlines can uplift its capabilities to secure future success. However, as there are uncertainties in the environment and market keeps on altering quickly, it is crucial to monitor and carefully consider all the strategies before implementation. Singapore Airline’s potential to become accustomed to change will positively help the company..to..strive..on..with..competitors..in..the..future. 9. References – Chamberline. E, & Robinson, J. (1996). â€Å"Theory of Monopolistic Competition, What is Perfect Competition ? † Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. II, no. 4, 431- 433 Doganis, R. (2006). Outlook, The Airline business ed. 2, Routledge, Abingdon. Hambrick, D. C., (2007). What is strategic management really? Hamel, G. (2002). Leading the Revolution: How to Thrive in Turbulent Times by Making Innovation a Way of Life. New York: Plume Books. Heracleous, L. (2006). Flying high in competitive industry: Cost effective service at SIA. Mc Graw hill. Hitt, M., Hoskisson, R., Ireland, R. (2007) Management of Strategy: Concepts and Cases.7th ed., Thomson South-Western, USA Jeffrey, R., (2004). Strategic alliances: Theory and evidence, Oxford university press, US, 2004. Porter, M.E.(1985). Competitive Advantage. New York: Free Press, 6-22. Reddy, A. (1994). Total quality marketing: the key to regaining market shares. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. SIA, Virgin America reach code-sharing agreement (2012, December 15, Saturday). Business pg30..Retrieved..from http://imcmsimages.mediacorp.sg/CMSFileserver/documents/006/PDF/20121215/1512BZC032.pdf SIA (2012). Virgin America reaches code-sharing agreement, December 15, 2012. Singapore Airlines, (2008). Annual Report, Singapore. Singapore Airlines, (2011). Annual Report, Singapore. Teece, D., Pisano, G., and Shuen, A.(1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management, Strategic Management Journal , 18, 509-533. reaches code-sharing agreement (2012, December 15, Saturday)

Global Cultures Essay - 939 Words

Begler, Elsie. â€Å"Global Cultures: The First Steps Toward Understanding† Social Education. September 1998, 62(5) pg. 272-275. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Begler’s Article a discussion on how educators should go about teaching culture occurs. The article starts out by giving a definition of what is meant by culture and the different aspects of culture. The Author sets up the guidelines for which she will interpret and use culture. The definitions of culture are presented very clearly so as the reader can fully understand where the author is coming from in the rest of the article. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The author spends significant time discussing the World Culture Model, which could be a very useful tool to a teacher that is†¦show more content†¦She says that it is hard to understand other cultures when our own is misunderstood. I find this fact to be very true, from my own experiences in life as well as our class discussions. For instance when the case where the Navajo students wouldn’t take the test and I was presented with the question of how I would deal with this situation. This at first confused me but after thinking about the situation, I realized that I couldn’t understand why this would occur from the point of view of my own culture. I don’t know why it is so ingrained in our culture to try to be #1 so how can I understand the Navajo point of view, I can’t. Begler’s point as I see it is that if people as a culture learn to look at others cultures and just try to understand them it will be much easier to accept differences in the cultures. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The World Culture Model presented in this article could be a very valuable tool to any teacher, no matter what content area they teach in. The model as I see it is an effective visual tool that can be used to not just study culture but actually look at it and gain a visual understanding of the culture that is being studied. As a future Social Studies teacher I see this as a tool that can be used to guide virtually every unit that I teach. I say that it could be used for every unit because then as a teacher I would have a common guideline that the students would be able to relate new information to old, aiding in the retention ofShow MoreRelatedCulture As A Global Enterprise950 Words   |  4 PagesCulture in a Global Enterprise The definition and major elements of the culture are outlined in this critical essay. Furthermore, an explanation of the culture in a global enterprise, and whether or not the culture is a critical factor in managing Information Technology (IT) in a global enterprise are also summarized. Finally, a discussion has been provided about how firms can understand and improve their culture to support IT management in a global enterprise. 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Operant Conditioning And Continuous Reinforcement

1. Mr. Higginbotham uses the idea of operant conditioning and continuous reinforcement throughout his classroom. Operant conditioning is the behavior in which voluntary behavior are strengthened or weakened by consequences, while continuous reinforcement deals with giving a reinforcer after every response. These reinforcers can be either positive or negative, strengthening or weakening the behavior that occurred. Positive reinforcements are there to increase the opportunity of a specific behavior reoccurring and negative reinforcement is strengthening behavior that results in a negative action. (Woolfolk, 2014, pgs. 277-278). An example in Mr. Higginbotham’s class of positive reinforcement would be during the point in time when he decides to announce that his progress checks can each be earned towards bonus points on their project and once ten complete progress checks have occurred the children can also receive a homework pass. Another positive reinforcement is the three highe st scoring students will receive twenty-five dollars to their class trip fund for their senior year. A negative reinforcement is demonstrated in Mr. Higginbotham’s class when Susan shows disrespectful behavior and earns four detentions. These four detentions equal a day of indoor, in-school suspension. So even when students do not want to do their homework the progress report check will help the students work towards that one homework pass. Both positive and negative reinforcement as continuousShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning Theory Essay746 Words   |  3 Pagesidea of what is known as operant conditioning (Rholetter, 2013). Operant conditioning is one of two theories in learning that illustrates behaviorism (Kretchmar, 2015). It is according to Rholetter (2013), â€Å"the idea that behavior is the learned result of consequences†. 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Criticism on Moral Development Theories of Piaget,...

Criticism on moral development theories of Piaget, Kohlberg, and Bandura and providing a new model for research in Iranian students moral development Hossein Lotfabadi, Ph. D.1 Abstract Its been years in the psychology and assessment of moral development that theories of genetic epistemology and social behaviorism (which are based on Piaget, Kohlberg, and Banduras approaches) have been in the center of attention for the psychologists and education experts and have been used by the educational counseling centers and other psychology centers in Iran. Therefore, there have not been a suitable theory and proper native assessing tools made in our country in the field of moral development. The main issue is that the theoretical foundations†¦show more content†¦The mentioned attitude pays no attention to the eternal moral foundations, to the moral motives and emotion, to faith and cultural morality, to the moral behavior and objective reactions, and the mental structure of the people in the rest of the world. Investigating the moral development theories among Western psychologists brings us to the conclusion that we can divide them into three groups. A group of th e Western psychologists (such as Lorenz, 1983; Goodall, 1990; da Waal, 1991 1996; Raine, 1997; Hoffman 2000; Haidt, 2001) believe the roots of moralities and social behavior to be in the human biological evolution history. Another group (including the psycho-analysts such as Freud, 1925/1961, and social-learning theory-makers such as Bandura, 1977) believe moralities to be compatibility with social norms. The third group, is the one whose viewpoints have been considered more than any of the other two groups, who state that morality is fundamentally the amount of cognitive development. Jean Piaget and (1932/1965) and Lawrence Kohlberg (1976), more than any other psychologist, represent this group. The though foundations of some other psychologists (such as Gilligan, 1982; Rest, 1986) who have conducted more recent studies about moral development as well can be considered in this

Urban Planning Free Essays

Urban Planning/Development For my topic I chose to research Urban Planning which also goes hand in hand with Urban Development. Urban Planning integrates land use planning and transportation planning to improve the economic and social environments of communities, where Urban Development is the actual process of taking these plans and putting them to work by the selling, leasing, building of land, buildings, stores, homes, etc. For my interview I contacted Dode Harvey, who has worked in, or owned a commercial real estate firm for over 30 years. We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Planning or any similar topic only for you Order Now For several years Mr. Harvey owned a company by the name of Diamond T. Ranch development, and he now works for Real Estate Solutions based out of San Antonio, Texas. Because of his experience I have an owner’s point of view and not just an agent. Specialization In the world of Urban Development, Mr. Harvey’s specializes in urban re-development; meaning he takes property that has already been developed, but has been either run down or vacated, and brings it back to life. An example of urban re-development that Mr. Harvey gave me was the re-development of Houston Street in San Antonio. According to Mr. Harvey there was a strip of about eight blocks in the historic district of downtown San Antonio that was completely vacant and deteriorating, his company went and bought that eight block strip (about 20 buildings) for around twenty million dollars . They brought the buildings up to date and then turned around and brought several small businesses back into the area revitalizing a dying community. Educational Requirements In Mr. Harvey’s area of Urban Development there are just a couple of educational requirements, including receiving your real estate license and participating in continuing education. As far as formal education goes there are no requirements, though Mr. Harvey did recommend that you receive a college degree to help jump start you when coming into the commercial real estate field. He also recommended that if you do want to get a degree that will help you in the Urban Development to look into a degree in real estate development with a possible minor in finance. When I asked Mr. Harvey about the amount of continuing education he participates in, and/or recommends participating in every year I was surprised at the amount he gave. He told me that he recommends that you attend at least two major and a minimum of two to four minor seminars every year, along with the amount of continuing education classes required by the TRELC. Job Duties Mr. Harvey as a past owner, and current City Partner and Principal has many responsibilities throughout his normal work day, his higher ranking within the company does not remove any amount of work from his plate. When developing undeveloped or existing property there are several tasks you must consider, the first thing to consider when planning or developing property is the zoning of that property. If the piece of property he is trying to develop does not meet his zoning needs then he must go to the city and get the zoning changed for your property. If Mr. Harvey was trying to develop a previously undeveloped piece of land, he would then have to hire engineers to come in and â€Å"lay out† or design the land; he would need to have them plan out where sewer, electrical, and water lines would be going, as well as how the land would drain and so on. Gaining city approval would be the next step in his process, which in his words â€Å"you’ll take your plan to city hall the first time and they’ll tell you it’s not good enough, then you go back a second and sometimes a third time, until you’ve (got it right)†. Mr. Harvey then has to select the right real estate agency, whether it is residential or commercial. One of his last but most important duties in the office is to hire attorneys, whether they are working in his office, or they be working for him from an outside law office. Mr. Harvey told me that his agency hired out â€Å"Fulbright and Jaworsky† out of San Antonio, because â€Å"they are the best I’ve found†. Relation to Real Estate Practice There are many ways that Mr. Harvey’s job role ties into the practice of real estate. When most people think of real estate they typically just think of the buying and selling aspect of, but there is so much more than just buying and selling involved. Mr. Harvey not only has a salesperson but he also has to be knowledgeable of properties and companies around what you are trying to sell (Urban Planning), he needs to be able to do research and be able to determine which businesses, neighborhoods, etc. will be best fit in certain places. Mr. Harvey needs to be able to know which companies to try and bring into his properties, does he have enough space in his building to house a large chain corporation, or does he need to bring in a smaller local business to fill the spot, a lot of which again ties back to Urban Planning. Mr. Harvey has to be aware of many real estate laws while helping run Real Estate Solutions, such as zoning laws, and easements. Mr. Harvey dealt with easement issues while re-developing Houston Street, when a title search was done on one of the buildings he was developing it was discovered that â€Å"there was a pipeline that ran down the middle of the building, splitting the property in two†, which became a problem when trying to re-develop. Discrimination In the interview I asked Mr. Harvey â€Å"how often do you worry about discrimination in the workplace when dealing with clients and customers†; his response was â€Å"every second of every day†. Mr. Harvey said that discrimination is one of the main concerns in the workplace, they have to (as well as every other real estate agency) display the equal opportunity employer sign in their office, as well as â€Å"follow government guidelines, very strictly† because if they don’t they can face serious repercussions, even to the extent of being shut down. Mr. Harvey also told me that he and his co-workers also will attend discrimination workshops/seminars from time to time. When I asked Mr. Harvey if he had ever seen discrimination in the workplace he said â€Å"I have seen it before, but I can’t say when or where, and the sad part is even if it was unintentional or didn’t even happen, I have still seen people get their licenses suspended over it†. Additional Info I asked Mr. Harvey what the most common types of clients have been most common over his years as an Urban Developer? He responded with â€Å"I would say by far small business owners, at least 85% or so†, he also added that â€Å"small business is the driving force behind this country, and the bureaucracy that is state and nation government is killing the driving force in this country†. I also inquired about the commission of agents and brokers to which I got a response of â€Å"there are no set fees, it’s up to negotiation†, he also told me â€Å"the IRS makes a claim on income tax that every agent charges a minimum of 6% commission†, this is very untrue and has become a problem. He also told me that â€Å"brokers can make set fees†, by which he means brokers can ask for a certain percent to be paid to them regardless of what the agent is receiving. The last thing I asked Mr. Harvey was â€Å"what laws or barriers do you typically run into when trying to place certain types of businesses in certain area? † he told me there were several, but the major ones being â€Å"zoning laws and what regulations set by local and national governments†. There is much more to be learned about Urban Planning and Developing, but I feel I have covered a lot of the major points, Urban Development is an important aspect of the real estate field, without which we wouldn’t have the advanced towns and cities we do now. How to cite Urban Planning, Essay examples

Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce. Answer: Introduction The early internet was largely text-based with minimum tools to find information. Gopher, a text based search tool, was developed to ease the searching process. Tim Berners-Lee, a CERN scientist, developed the Hyper-Text Markup Language around the same time. HTML facilitated the inclusion of non-text data into the internet. Mosaic, a graphical web browser came into existence in 1993. Yahoo developed a web directory around 1995 that simplified the task of finding resources over the internet. The internet grew rapidly as more individuals and businesses connected to the internet (World Wide Web Foundation 2016). The growth of the internet called for efficient and effective scaling mechanisms and defined protocol suites for communication over the internet. A number of protocols like Simple Network Management Protocol and Simple Group Management Protocol were developed. Many of these protocols were either modified or deprecated over the years of development of the internet and related technologies (Roberts and Zahay 2016). Marketing over the Internet The expansion and reach of the Internet provide a new and effective medium for business to reach out to people. Strategic marketing techniques are capable of providing enormous benefit to the company both in terms of economy and user base. Different techniques and models have been developed by corporations to exploit the utility of the internet and these models are optimized regularly to increase profitability. Suppliers and consumers dictate the strategies of any business and marketing is a tool to acquaint customers with the suppliers. The change in business and marketing strategies, with the advent of internet, is largely due to demand of suppliers and consumers. Availability of superior technology provides the consumer with ease of access and provides supplier cost effectiveness and reach ability (Jobber and Ellis-Chadwick 2012). Cloud technology is one such driving technology factor. According to Mell and Grance (Mell and Grance 2011), cloud technology or cloud is concept that allows ubiquitous on demand network access to a pool of resources. The resources available in the cloud are capable of being specified and organized rapidly, with minimal management and intervention of the cloud service provider. The cloud is based on an infrastructure that is composed of necessary hardware and software to support the concept of cloud. The cloud infrastructure is divided into layers to simplify the process of maintaining the concept of cloud. The infrastructure contains a physical layer that is composed of the physical hardware modules like storage, servers and so on. The software that enables the user of the cloud to have an intact view of the cloud provides the abstraction layer. The concept of cloud supports a number of characteristics: The cloud should be able to support resources on-demand. The user should be able to access the resources without any intervention of the service provider. The service should be accessible through different device types. The abstraction layer should provide uniformity to the cloud structure and the user should not be able to differentiate the location of resources. The cloud should work as a unified whole. The cloud should be scalable and expandable. Elasticity is an important feature of cloud. Mechanisms should be available to monitor and control the use of the cloud by users to maintain clarity between provider and user. The cloud infrastructure provides the following services: SaaS or Software as a Service allows consumers to use software resources without buying the software. The software is installed on a remote system and user can access the service through web browsers. The service provider does the maintenance of the software and underlying hardware and the user can use the facilities for a payment. The facilities provided by this method include access to the service from any connected system, secure storage of data and scalability of usage. PaaS or Platform as a Service provides development and deployment platform for application developers to develop and deploy user created applications. The service provides resources to support entire development lifecycle of web-based applications. This fastens the development and deployment of applications and reduces the complexity of middleware services. IaaS or Infrastructure as a Service provides access to physical resources as per user requirement over the network. The resources vary from server to data bank. The access of the service reduces the cost required to buy the hardware and the hardwares maintenance cost. A few facilities common to all these services are ease of access, flexibility and scalability (Mell and Grance 2011 and Ibm.com 2016). The deployment models supported by the cloud infrastructure are the following: Private cloud is available for the personal use of an individual or organization. The services of the cloud are available only to the intended group of people. The maintenance can be done by either the owner or a third party employed by the owner. A group of people or a community uses community cloud. This kind of cloud is deployed for people who share a common concern. The community can be groups inside a corporation or individual. Public cloud is open to public. Organizations or academic institutions deploy these kinds of clouds. These clouds are managed and maintained by those organizations or the people who access the cloud. Hybrid clouds are the clouds, which follow a combination of deployment techniques and follow design and specifications defined during the creation and deployment of the cloud (Mell and Grance 2011 and Ibm.com 2016). Impact of cloud in the hotel industry The hotel industry is a customer centric stable business. Customer information and management data are of prime importance and crucial to its functioning and appropriate management. Historically the data was stored in-house, recorded manually on physic al files. However, with the advent of technology and digitization, most hotels store information digitally. The storage of these data into the cloud offers certain advantages. The data can be accessed from practically any location that supports a network connection, simplifying data access. Cloud computing offers a pay-per-use service. This helps in cost effective management of the companys resources. The required resources on the cloud can be scaled based on requirement of the hotel. Cloud makes many services affordable to the small and medium sized hotels. Large organizations can afford to pay for an entire personalized system but smaller organizations do not have the financial strength to do so. Cloud combines their small financial strength and makes the system affordable. Security of customer data is imperative for any customer centric organization. Storing data in the cloud offers robustness, reliability and security at a lower cost. Cloud also rescues the management from maintenance and repair of technology equipments (Aljabre 2012). Models of business for the internet Business model provides a sound, albeit abstract, base for business development. The development of a business without planning about the structure of the business often results in hazardous ventures. The design and methodology of structuring a business is an integral part of management. A business model is developed based on factual research of the market the business will target. The rationale behind a business model is to obtain a sustainable business structure that will be able cope up with the demands of the market and generate revenue. The model serves as a blueprint based on which the entire business plan of the business is laid and the execution strategy of the business is detailed. The objectives of the business model is to identify the consumer requirements, fulfilled by the business in terms of the market, recognize the target audience of the business, estimate cost and return that the business will incur, the availability of suppliers, consumers and other segments that influence the business and ascertain the approach the company would take to compete with peer businesses. Based on Professor Michael Rappas initial structure, Roberts and Zahay outlined the following internet business models. Brokerage Model This model is suitable for businesses that aim to act as an intermediary between the producer and consumer. Businesses based work either as a medium of transaction overseeing the entire transaction like Alibaba, providing an outlet for merchants like Amazon, acting as a financial platform as Paypal, auctioning products online like ebay, act as promotional sites providing coupons like Restaurant.com or acting as a virtual marketplace. Advertising Model This model is based on the media advertising model and best suited for sites that receive high volume of traffic. The sites advertise usually third party products to its visitors. The advertisements can be random or customized. Customization of advertisements is achieved in many ways that include exploitation of search history of the user or other mechanisms like using search query keywords. The success of this model depends on the popularity of the host site. Infomediary Model In this model, the business is structured to provide specific information to consumers. The information ranges from corporate data to personal information including personal preferences. These businesses either act as mediator between the consumer and the supplier or gather data themselves and hand over to consumers. One way of doing this is to offer some kind of benefit to individuals by means an app to obtain information about them. Merchant Model In this model the business acts as wholesaler selling commodities online by various techniques. The merchandise varies from books to music. The customers are informed about the products through websites or catalogues and the selling of products are done through bids or price lists. Businesses can have both physical outlet as well as an online retail outlet. Buying goods from the producer and selling it online to the customer also falls under this model. Manufacturer/Direct In this model the manufacturer owns the online retail store and bypasses the intermediary altogether. The principle underlying this model is to reach the customer directly and provide the service increasing the cost effectiveness through elimination of the mediators. The techniques in this model includes selling products or services directly to customers or providing lease on products or services or provide software based solution to the consumer. Affiliate Model This model works by redirecting huge traffics to the partner sites. The payment depends on the traffic generated on the partner site. The host does not receive anything if traffic is not generated. One form this model is banners on websites. The host gets paid if visitors click on the banner. This is a pay-for-performance model. Community Model This model is based on peer-to-peer or community based networks. The model generates revenue by voluntary contributions, or sale of simple products. Open source, open content and social networks are the best examples of these models. Revenue can also be generated through advertisements on the sites or integrating the pay-for-performance features. Subscription Model This model works by availing a product or service at a fixed charge. Customers are charged a certain amount of money to use the service for a certain period. Some sites offer premium services for a price. Content providers, membership sites, application service providers are some of the businesses based on subscription model. Utility Model Utility model is suited for businesses that provide services on demand. The customer pays the price based on the extent or quantity of service used. Unlike subscription model, a customer is charged only for the used service in the utility model. Application of Business models to hotels Business models provide a primitive outline of the way a business can be conducted. However, the models can be restructured based on the requirements of the business. Often more than one model is strategically incorporated into the business plan to accommodate flexibility in the business and optimize the functioning of the business. For example, hotels generally maintain a merchant model for their transaction; however, incorporation of a brokerage model to accommodate information about hotels where the host does not offer services can actually earn profit for the host. The incorporation of an affiliate model, redirecting site visitors to local places of entertainment can earn revenue. Small hotels that cannot have the finances to support a solo website can join with other small budget hotels to form a hotel community website, based on community model, offering customer access to all the hotels in the community. The actual implementation remains on the business objectives (Roberts and Zahay 2012 and Baden-Fuller and Haefliger 2013) Search Marketing The quantity of data provided by the internet is gargantuan. Remembering each of the relevant websites and finding a new resource on the internet is an unfeasible task. Search engines are the tools that simplifies the task of obtaining resources on the web. Search engines are programs that are used to search and retrieve information on the internet. Resources are searched based on keywords. However, search techniques are evolving based with the evolution of technologies. Generally, search engines compare keywords with its index to provide search results. A search engine inspects the internet regularly to find out or discover websites and resources. The search is conducted by the help of bots or small programs , known as web crawlers or web spiders. The collected resources are indexed based on the words that the resource includes. Once the resources are linked against the words, the indexing is done. Each of the search result receives a priority value and the final prioritized list is displayed to the user. The search and priority techniques depend on the implementer of search engines (Brin and Page 2012).. The sequence of search results provided by a search engine to a user depends on a number of factors that include: the users preferences based on the users search history, the geographic location of the user, the search pattern of other people in the same location, the popularity of a link, the relevance of a link and the business importance of a link to the search engine implementers. Search marketing is the mechanism of exploiting the search and prioritization algorithms to alter the positioning of links to resources or websites in the search result provided to a searcher by the search engine (Moran and Hunt 2014). The motivation for search marketing lies in the fact that a searcher is more vulnerable to marketing approaches when the searcher is looking for information. The searcher will accept any fact that even remotely resembles the information that he or she is expecting. Marketing in this form is more acceptable to a searcher or individual because this form of marketing does not intrude on an individuals privacy. On the other hand, the marketing method provides marketing information that is actually relevant to the users query as the results of the search produce results that include the searchers query terms (Strauss 2016 and Vinerean et al. 2013). The popular search marketing techniques include Search Engine Optimization or SEO, pay-per-click service or PPC and paid inclusion service( Berman and Katona 2013 and Stokes 2015). Search Engine Optimization is the technique of optimizing a website or resource for better placement of the link in search results. This technique is generally applied to non-paid or organic search results. The developers of the website include relevant words or keywords that are more relevant to the search engines are included in the website. The result of search of a search engine is based on many factors. Including the resources that are more likely to be picked up by the web crawlers or designing resources in a way that influences web crawlers are more likely to be in the top of the search results. SEO can be online or offline. Online optimization is the process of including resources within the website to achieve higher rank or be in the top of the results page. Offline optimization is the technique of including resources and links on other web resources or websites that leads to the optimizers site (Ledford 2015). PPC is the process of including advertisements in host websites that lead to the website of the advertiser. The advertiser pays a price for each click the advertisement receives. This is a paid optimization technique which offers payment for traffic that the website receives. Google Adwords comes under this category of advertising (Kapoor, Dwivedi and Piercy 2016). PIS is the technique of including or altering the relevance or rank of a link or web resource in the search results of a search engine for a price. Search engine charges the advertisers to include their links or resources and prioritize their links for a fee. Charges can be on a pay-per-click basis or based on time (Li et al. 2014 and Kritzinger and Weideman 2013). Local search Local search is the process of searching and retrieving information based on specific location; a search technique allows retrieval of geographically constrained information. Generally, the information is provided based on the location of the searcher. This enables the searcher to access information related to his or her region or neighborhood. The reach of the internet and the ease of access to the information provided by the search engine encourage the searcher to find information that is geographically local to him; a nearby Italian restaurant or car parking lot. This is the basic concept behind local search. Search engines are incorporating features to optimize local search. Local search engines are already functional in the market. Ranking algorithm of search engines consider the region of search as an important parameter. User search patterns indicate that they are prone to conduct local searches more than global search. Small businesses have the scope of increasing their visibility in the locality by appropriate optimization techniques. The availability of information however depends on the availability of resources on the internet as search engines display data that are already available in the internet (Marketing 2012). Conclusion Internet is a global platform that provides massive reach to people across the globe. It has become mandatory for a business to be online to retain its customer base. Businesses that do not have a physical existence can flourish and grow by the proper use of internet. Marketing is an integral part of business and internet marketing is a necessity in the digital era. Every major and minor business is exploiting the connectedness that the internet provides. New business models are emerging to provide foundation for businesses on the internet. Search engines are an integral aspect of the internet. Most internet users rely completely on the search engines to obtain information from the internet. This provides immense opportunity for businesses to make themselves visible to the internet audience. The repeated use of the optimization techniques, however, might undermine the actual purpose of search engines from the users perspective. A person resorts to search engines to find out information on the web about resources due to the overwhelming amount of information available in the internet. Consumers will stop trusting search engines if they receive biased information. 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