Operant Conditioning And Continuous Reinforcement

1. Mr. Higginbotham uses the idea of operant conditioning and continuous reinforcement throughout his classroom. Operant conditioning is the behavior in which voluntary behavior are strengthened or weakened by consequences, while continuous reinforcement deals with giving a reinforcer after every response. These reinforcers can be either positive or negative, strengthening or weakening the behavior that occurred. Positive reinforcements are there to increase the opportunity of a specific behavior reoccurring and negative reinforcement is strengthening behavior that results in a negative action. (Woolfolk, 2014, pgs. 277-278). An example in Mr. Higginbotham’s class of positive reinforcement would be during the point in time when he decides to announce that his progress checks can each be earned towards bonus points on their project and once ten complete progress checks have occurred the children can also receive a homework pass. Another positive reinforcement is the three highe st scoring students will receive twenty-five dollars to their class trip fund for their senior year. A negative reinforcement is demonstrated in Mr. Higginbotham’s class when Susan shows disrespectful behavior and earns four detentions. These four detentions equal a day of indoor, in-school suspension. So even when students do not want to do their homework the progress report check will help the students work towards that one homework pass. Both positive and negative reinforcement as continuousShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning Theory Essay746 Words   |  3 Pagesidea of what is known as operant conditioning (Rholetter, 2013). Operant conditioning is one of two theories in learning that illustrates behaviorism (Kretchmar, 2015). It is according to Rholetter (2013), â€Å"the idea that behavior is the learned result of consequences†. Skinner believed that learning during operant conditioning is done based upon the outcome of a given situation (Lefr ancois, 2012, p. 91). His operant conditioning theory is constructed on reinforcements consisting of positive, negativeRead MoreClassical and Operant Conditioning Essay1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are both basic forms of learning, they have the word conditioning in common. Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus. Classical conditioning is achieved by manipulating reflexes. Operant conditioning is a type of learningRead MoreTraining A Dog For Roll Over Is A Great Model For Evaluating Acquiring New Knowledge And Behaviors985 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand how learning works so that you can develop a strategy to properly and quickly teach your dog. The example of training a dog to roll over is a great model for analysing the aspects of learning involved with this process. Understanding how operant conditioning works and how to reinforce a desired response to that stimuli will help trainers effectively teach dogs. Psychologists, such as Myers (2013), define learning as the process of acquiring new knowledge and behaviors. In this case we are specificallyRead MoreA Study on Operant and Classical Conditioning1477 Words   |  6 PagesO perant and Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning best explains reflective responding that is largely controlled by stimuli preceding the response, while operant conditioning is the kind of learning influenced by stimulus events that follow the responses. (Weiten). In operant conditioning, reinforcement is defined as after the fact. Reinforcement follows a response and increases tendency to make the response. In classical conditioning, the reinforcement comes before the response is madeRead MoreThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning1489 Words   |  6 PagesOperant Conditioning Operant conditioning is a form of learning where people or animals change their behavior because of the reinforcement given after a desired response. A good example of operant conditioning is, a teacher giving five percent of the marks to students, who have good attendance. 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InRead MoreClassical And Instrumental Conditioning And Classical Conditioning Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesIn order to analyse classical and instrumental conditioning, it is required to first define the content from which they are derived from, that is learning. According to Domjan, learning  is  a long lasting change in the process of behaviour involving particular stimuli with or alternately responses that result from previous experiences with those or almost the same stimuli and responses (2009 ). There are several learning paradigms which take the behaviourist approach, but as previously mentioned thisRead More The Science of Psychology Essay1078 Words   |  5 Pagesmain theories behind learning are Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning. Classical conditioning was the first type of learning to be discovered and studied within the behaviorist tradition. The basic assumption of Classical conditioning is that all behavior is learnt by association. It has its roots in Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov’s famous experiment with dogs and is thus also known as †Pavlovian conditioning†. He was successful in making the dogs salivateRead MoreThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning1212 Words   |  5 PagesOperant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. For example, when a lab rat presses a blue button, he receives a food pellet as a reward, but when he presses the red button he receives a mild electric shock. As a result, he learns to press the blue button but avoid the red button. TheRead More Learning Behavior Essays707 Words   |  3 Pagesobservable behaviors and environmental events, rather than mental processes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Classical conditioning is a process of learning associations between stimuli used by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. In classical conditioning, a stimulus causes an existing behavior to occur. Pavlov used classical conditioning to study dog salivation. A ringing bell was used as a neutral stimulus. During the conditioning the bell is repeatedly sounded immediately before the food is placed in front of the dog producing

Criticism on Moral Development Theories of Piaget,...

Criticism on moral development theories of Piaget, Kohlberg, and Bandura and providing a new model for research in Iranian students moral development Hossein Lotfabadi, Ph. D.1 Abstract Its been years in the psychology and assessment of moral development that theories of genetic epistemology and social behaviorism (which are based on Piaget, Kohlberg, and Banduras approaches) have been in the center of attention for the psychologists and education experts and have been used by the educational counseling centers and other psychology centers in Iran. Therefore, there have not been a suitable theory and proper native assessing tools made in our country in the field of moral development. The main issue is that the theoretical foundations†¦show more content†¦The mentioned attitude pays no attention to the eternal moral foundations, to the moral motives and emotion, to faith and cultural morality, to the moral behavior and objective reactions, and the mental structure of the people in the rest of the world. Investigating the moral development theories among Western psychologists brings us to the conclusion that we can divide them into three groups. A group of th e Western psychologists (such as Lorenz, 1983; Goodall, 1990; da Waal, 1991 1996; Raine, 1997; Hoffman 2000; Haidt, 2001) believe the roots of moralities and social behavior to be in the human biological evolution history. Another group (including the psycho-analysts such as Freud, 1925/1961, and social-learning theory-makers such as Bandura, 1977) believe moralities to be compatibility with social norms. The third group, is the one whose viewpoints have been considered more than any of the other two groups, who state that morality is fundamentally the amount of cognitive development. Jean Piaget and (1932/1965) and Lawrence Kohlberg (1976), more than any other psychologist, represent this group. The though foundations of some other psychologists (such as Gilligan, 1982; Rest, 1986) who have conducted more recent studies about moral development as well can be considered in this

Urban Planning Free Essays

Urban Planning/Development For my topic I chose to research Urban Planning which also goes hand in hand with Urban Development. Urban Planning integrates land use planning and transportation planning to improve the economic and social environments of communities, where Urban Development is the actual process of taking these plans and putting them to work by the selling, leasing, building of land, buildings, stores, homes, etc. For my interview I contacted Dode Harvey, who has worked in, or owned a commercial real estate firm for over 30 years. We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Planning or any similar topic only for you Order Now For several years Mr. Harvey owned a company by the name of Diamond T. Ranch development, and he now works for Real Estate Solutions based out of San Antonio, Texas. Because of his experience I have an owner’s point of view and not just an agent. Specialization In the world of Urban Development, Mr. Harvey’s specializes in urban re-development; meaning he takes property that has already been developed, but has been either run down or vacated, and brings it back to life. An example of urban re-development that Mr. Harvey gave me was the re-development of Houston Street in San Antonio. According to Mr. Harvey there was a strip of about eight blocks in the historic district of downtown San Antonio that was completely vacant and deteriorating, his company went and bought that eight block strip (about 20 buildings) for around twenty million dollars . They brought the buildings up to date and then turned around and brought several small businesses back into the area revitalizing a dying community. Educational Requirements In Mr. Harvey’s area of Urban Development there are just a couple of educational requirements, including receiving your real estate license and participating in continuing education. As far as formal education goes there are no requirements, though Mr. Harvey did recommend that you receive a college degree to help jump start you when coming into the commercial real estate field. He also recommended that if you do want to get a degree that will help you in the Urban Development to look into a degree in real estate development with a possible minor in finance. When I asked Mr. Harvey about the amount of continuing education he participates in, and/or recommends participating in every year I was surprised at the amount he gave. He told me that he recommends that you attend at least two major and a minimum of two to four minor seminars every year, along with the amount of continuing education classes required by the TRELC. Job Duties Mr. Harvey as a past owner, and current City Partner and Principal has many responsibilities throughout his normal work day, his higher ranking within the company does not remove any amount of work from his plate. When developing undeveloped or existing property there are several tasks you must consider, the first thing to consider when planning or developing property is the zoning of that property. If the piece of property he is trying to develop does not meet his zoning needs then he must go to the city and get the zoning changed for your property. If Mr. Harvey was trying to develop a previously undeveloped piece of land, he would then have to hire engineers to come in and â€Å"lay out† or design the land; he would need to have them plan out where sewer, electrical, and water lines would be going, as well as how the land would drain and so on. Gaining city approval would be the next step in his process, which in his words â€Å"you’ll take your plan to city hall the first time and they’ll tell you it’s not good enough, then you go back a second and sometimes a third time, until you’ve (got it right)†. Mr. Harvey then has to select the right real estate agency, whether it is residential or commercial. One of his last but most important duties in the office is to hire attorneys, whether they are working in his office, or they be working for him from an outside law office. Mr. Harvey told me that his agency hired out â€Å"Fulbright and Jaworsky† out of San Antonio, because â€Å"they are the best I’ve found†. Relation to Real Estate Practice There are many ways that Mr. Harvey’s job role ties into the practice of real estate. When most people think of real estate they typically just think of the buying and selling aspect of, but there is so much more than just buying and selling involved. Mr. Harvey not only has a salesperson but he also has to be knowledgeable of properties and companies around what you are trying to sell (Urban Planning), he needs to be able to do research and be able to determine which businesses, neighborhoods, etc. will be best fit in certain places. Mr. Harvey needs to be able to know which companies to try and bring into his properties, does he have enough space in his building to house a large chain corporation, or does he need to bring in a smaller local business to fill the spot, a lot of which again ties back to Urban Planning. Mr. Harvey has to be aware of many real estate laws while helping run Real Estate Solutions, such as zoning laws, and easements. Mr. Harvey dealt with easement issues while re-developing Houston Street, when a title search was done on one of the buildings he was developing it was discovered that â€Å"there was a pipeline that ran down the middle of the building, splitting the property in two†, which became a problem when trying to re-develop. Discrimination In the interview I asked Mr. Harvey â€Å"how often do you worry about discrimination in the workplace when dealing with clients and customers†; his response was â€Å"every second of every day†. Mr. Harvey said that discrimination is one of the main concerns in the workplace, they have to (as well as every other real estate agency) display the equal opportunity employer sign in their office, as well as â€Å"follow government guidelines, very strictly† because if they don’t they can face serious repercussions, even to the extent of being shut down. Mr. Harvey also told me that he and his co-workers also will attend discrimination workshops/seminars from time to time. When I asked Mr. Harvey if he had ever seen discrimination in the workplace he said â€Å"I have seen it before, but I can’t say when or where, and the sad part is even if it was unintentional or didn’t even happen, I have still seen people get their licenses suspended over it†. Additional Info I asked Mr. Harvey what the most common types of clients have been most common over his years as an Urban Developer? He responded with â€Å"I would say by far small business owners, at least 85% or so†, he also added that â€Å"small business is the driving force behind this country, and the bureaucracy that is state and nation government is killing the driving force in this country†. I also inquired about the commission of agents and brokers to which I got a response of â€Å"there are no set fees, it’s up to negotiation†, he also told me â€Å"the IRS makes a claim on income tax that every agent charges a minimum of 6% commission†, this is very untrue and has become a problem. He also told me that â€Å"brokers can make set fees†, by which he means brokers can ask for a certain percent to be paid to them regardless of what the agent is receiving. The last thing I asked Mr. Harvey was â€Å"what laws or barriers do you typically run into when trying to place certain types of businesses in certain area? † he told me there were several, but the major ones being â€Å"zoning laws and what regulations set by local and national governments†. There is much more to be learned about Urban Planning and Developing, but I feel I have covered a lot of the major points, Urban Development is an important aspect of the real estate field, without which we wouldn’t have the advanced towns and cities we do now. How to cite Urban Planning, Essay examples

Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce. Answer: Introduction The early internet was largely text-based with minimum tools to find information. Gopher, a text based search tool, was developed to ease the searching process. Tim Berners-Lee, a CERN scientist, developed the Hyper-Text Markup Language around the same time. HTML facilitated the inclusion of non-text data into the internet. Mosaic, a graphical web browser came into existence in 1993. Yahoo developed a web directory around 1995 that simplified the task of finding resources over the internet. The internet grew rapidly as more individuals and businesses connected to the internet (World Wide Web Foundation 2016). The growth of the internet called for efficient and effective scaling mechanisms and defined protocol suites for communication over the internet. A number of protocols like Simple Network Management Protocol and Simple Group Management Protocol were developed. Many of these protocols were either modified or deprecated over the years of development of the internet and related technologies (Roberts and Zahay 2016). Marketing over the Internet The expansion and reach of the Internet provide a new and effective medium for business to reach out to people. Strategic marketing techniques are capable of providing enormous benefit to the company both in terms of economy and user base. Different techniques and models have been developed by corporations to exploit the utility of the internet and these models are optimized regularly to increase profitability. Suppliers and consumers dictate the strategies of any business and marketing is a tool to acquaint customers with the suppliers. The change in business and marketing strategies, with the advent of internet, is largely due to demand of suppliers and consumers. Availability of superior technology provides the consumer with ease of access and provides supplier cost effectiveness and reach ability (Jobber and Ellis-Chadwick 2012). Cloud technology is one such driving technology factor. According to Mell and Grance (Mell and Grance 2011), cloud technology or cloud is concept that allows ubiquitous on demand network access to a pool of resources. The resources available in the cloud are capable of being specified and organized rapidly, with minimal management and intervention of the cloud service provider. The cloud is based on an infrastructure that is composed of necessary hardware and software to support the concept of cloud. The cloud infrastructure is divided into layers to simplify the process of maintaining the concept of cloud. The infrastructure contains a physical layer that is composed of the physical hardware modules like storage, servers and so on. The software that enables the user of the cloud to have an intact view of the cloud provides the abstraction layer. The concept of cloud supports a number of characteristics: The cloud should be able to support resources on-demand. The user should be able to access the resources without any intervention of the service provider. The service should be accessible through different device types. The abstraction layer should provide uniformity to the cloud structure and the user should not be able to differentiate the location of resources. The cloud should work as a unified whole. The cloud should be scalable and expandable. Elasticity is an important feature of cloud. Mechanisms should be available to monitor and control the use of the cloud by users to maintain clarity between provider and user. The cloud infrastructure provides the following services: SaaS or Software as a Service allows consumers to use software resources without buying the software. The software is installed on a remote system and user can access the service through web browsers. The service provider does the maintenance of the software and underlying hardware and the user can use the facilities for a payment. The facilities provided by this method include access to the service from any connected system, secure storage of data and scalability of usage. PaaS or Platform as a Service provides development and deployment platform for application developers to develop and deploy user created applications. The service provides resources to support entire development lifecycle of web-based applications. This fastens the development and deployment of applications and reduces the complexity of middleware services. IaaS or Infrastructure as a Service provides access to physical resources as per user requirement over the network. The resources vary from server to data bank. The access of the service reduces the cost required to buy the hardware and the hardwares maintenance cost. A few facilities common to all these services are ease of access, flexibility and scalability (Mell and Grance 2011 and Ibm.com 2016). The deployment models supported by the cloud infrastructure are the following: Private cloud is available for the personal use of an individual or organization. The services of the cloud are available only to the intended group of people. The maintenance can be done by either the owner or a third party employed by the owner. A group of people or a community uses community cloud. This kind of cloud is deployed for people who share a common concern. The community can be groups inside a corporation or individual. Public cloud is open to public. Organizations or academic institutions deploy these kinds of clouds. These clouds are managed and maintained by those organizations or the people who access the cloud. Hybrid clouds are the clouds, which follow a combination of deployment techniques and follow design and specifications defined during the creation and deployment of the cloud (Mell and Grance 2011 and Ibm.com 2016). Impact of cloud in the hotel industry The hotel industry is a customer centric stable business. Customer information and management data are of prime importance and crucial to its functioning and appropriate management. Historically the data was stored in-house, recorded manually on physic al files. However, with the advent of technology and digitization, most hotels store information digitally. The storage of these data into the cloud offers certain advantages. The data can be accessed from practically any location that supports a network connection, simplifying data access. Cloud computing offers a pay-per-use service. This helps in cost effective management of the companys resources. The required resources on the cloud can be scaled based on requirement of the hotel. Cloud makes many services affordable to the small and medium sized hotels. Large organizations can afford to pay for an entire personalized system but smaller organizations do not have the financial strength to do so. Cloud combines their small financial strength and makes the system affordable. Security of customer data is imperative for any customer centric organization. Storing data in the cloud offers robustness, reliability and security at a lower cost. Cloud also rescues the management from maintenance and repair of technology equipments (Aljabre 2012). Models of business for the internet Business model provides a sound, albeit abstract, base for business development. The development of a business without planning about the structure of the business often results in hazardous ventures. The design and methodology of structuring a business is an integral part of management. A business model is developed based on factual research of the market the business will target. The rationale behind a business model is to obtain a sustainable business structure that will be able cope up with the demands of the market and generate revenue. The model serves as a blueprint based on which the entire business plan of the business is laid and the execution strategy of the business is detailed. The objectives of the business model is to identify the consumer requirements, fulfilled by the business in terms of the market, recognize the target audience of the business, estimate cost and return that the business will incur, the availability of suppliers, consumers and other segments that influence the business and ascertain the approach the company would take to compete with peer businesses. Based on Professor Michael Rappas initial structure, Roberts and Zahay outlined the following internet business models. Brokerage Model This model is suitable for businesses that aim to act as an intermediary between the producer and consumer. Businesses based work either as a medium of transaction overseeing the entire transaction like Alibaba, providing an outlet for merchants like Amazon, acting as a financial platform as Paypal, auctioning products online like ebay, act as promotional sites providing coupons like Restaurant.com or acting as a virtual marketplace. Advertising Model This model is based on the media advertising model and best suited for sites that receive high volume of traffic. The sites advertise usually third party products to its visitors. The advertisements can be random or customized. Customization of advertisements is achieved in many ways that include exploitation of search history of the user or other mechanisms like using search query keywords. The success of this model depends on the popularity of the host site. Infomediary Model In this model, the business is structured to provide specific information to consumers. The information ranges from corporate data to personal information including personal preferences. These businesses either act as mediator between the consumer and the supplier or gather data themselves and hand over to consumers. One way of doing this is to offer some kind of benefit to individuals by means an app to obtain information about them. Merchant Model In this model the business acts as wholesaler selling commodities online by various techniques. The merchandise varies from books to music. The customers are informed about the products through websites or catalogues and the selling of products are done through bids or price lists. Businesses can have both physical outlet as well as an online retail outlet. Buying goods from the producer and selling it online to the customer also falls under this model. Manufacturer/Direct In this model the manufacturer owns the online retail store and bypasses the intermediary altogether. The principle underlying this model is to reach the customer directly and provide the service increasing the cost effectiveness through elimination of the mediators. The techniques in this model includes selling products or services directly to customers or providing lease on products or services or provide software based solution to the consumer. Affiliate Model This model works by redirecting huge traffics to the partner sites. The payment depends on the traffic generated on the partner site. The host does not receive anything if traffic is not generated. One form this model is banners on websites. The host gets paid if visitors click on the banner. This is a pay-for-performance model. Community Model This model is based on peer-to-peer or community based networks. The model generates revenue by voluntary contributions, or sale of simple products. Open source, open content and social networks are the best examples of these models. Revenue can also be generated through advertisements on the sites or integrating the pay-for-performance features. Subscription Model This model works by availing a product or service at a fixed charge. Customers are charged a certain amount of money to use the service for a certain period. Some sites offer premium services for a price. Content providers, membership sites, application service providers are some of the businesses based on subscription model. Utility Model Utility model is suited for businesses that provide services on demand. The customer pays the price based on the extent or quantity of service used. Unlike subscription model, a customer is charged only for the used service in the utility model. Application of Business models to hotels Business models provide a primitive outline of the way a business can be conducted. However, the models can be restructured based on the requirements of the business. Often more than one model is strategically incorporated into the business plan to accommodate flexibility in the business and optimize the functioning of the business. For example, hotels generally maintain a merchant model for their transaction; however, incorporation of a brokerage model to accommodate information about hotels where the host does not offer services can actually earn profit for the host. The incorporation of an affiliate model, redirecting site visitors to local places of entertainment can earn revenue. Small hotels that cannot have the finances to support a solo website can join with other small budget hotels to form a hotel community website, based on community model, offering customer access to all the hotels in the community. The actual implementation remains on the business objectives (Roberts and Zahay 2012 and Baden-Fuller and Haefliger 2013) Search Marketing The quantity of data provided by the internet is gargantuan. Remembering each of the relevant websites and finding a new resource on the internet is an unfeasible task. Search engines are the tools that simplifies the task of obtaining resources on the web. Search engines are programs that are used to search and retrieve information on the internet. Resources are searched based on keywords. However, search techniques are evolving based with the evolution of technologies. Generally, search engines compare keywords with its index to provide search results. A search engine inspects the internet regularly to find out or discover websites and resources. The search is conducted by the help of bots or small programs , known as web crawlers or web spiders. The collected resources are indexed based on the words that the resource includes. Once the resources are linked against the words, the indexing is done. Each of the search result receives a priority value and the final prioritized list is displayed to the user. The search and priority techniques depend on the implementer of search engines (Brin and Page 2012).. The sequence of search results provided by a search engine to a user depends on a number of factors that include: the users preferences based on the users search history, the geographic location of the user, the search pattern of other people in the same location, the popularity of a link, the relevance of a link and the business importance of a link to the search engine implementers. Search marketing is the mechanism of exploiting the search and prioritization algorithms to alter the positioning of links to resources or websites in the search result provided to a searcher by the search engine (Moran and Hunt 2014). The motivation for search marketing lies in the fact that a searcher is more vulnerable to marketing approaches when the searcher is looking for information. The searcher will accept any fact that even remotely resembles the information that he or she is expecting. Marketing in this form is more acceptable to a searcher or individual because this form of marketing does not intrude on an individuals privacy. On the other hand, the marketing method provides marketing information that is actually relevant to the users query as the results of the search produce results that include the searchers query terms (Strauss 2016 and Vinerean et al. 2013). The popular search marketing techniques include Search Engine Optimization or SEO, pay-per-click service or PPC and paid inclusion service( Berman and Katona 2013 and Stokes 2015). Search Engine Optimization is the technique of optimizing a website or resource for better placement of the link in search results. This technique is generally applied to non-paid or organic search results. The developers of the website include relevant words or keywords that are more relevant to the search engines are included in the website. The result of search of a search engine is based on many factors. Including the resources that are more likely to be picked up by the web crawlers or designing resources in a way that influences web crawlers are more likely to be in the top of the search results. SEO can be online or offline. Online optimization is the process of including resources within the website to achieve higher rank or be in the top of the results page. Offline optimization is the technique of including resources and links on other web resources or websites that leads to the optimizers site (Ledford 2015). PPC is the process of including advertisements in host websites that lead to the website of the advertiser. The advertiser pays a price for each click the advertisement receives. This is a paid optimization technique which offers payment for traffic that the website receives. Google Adwords comes under this category of advertising (Kapoor, Dwivedi and Piercy 2016). PIS is the technique of including or altering the relevance or rank of a link or web resource in the search results of a search engine for a price. Search engine charges the advertisers to include their links or resources and prioritize their links for a fee. Charges can be on a pay-per-click basis or based on time (Li et al. 2014 and Kritzinger and Weideman 2013). Local search Local search is the process of searching and retrieving information based on specific location; a search technique allows retrieval of geographically constrained information. Generally, the information is provided based on the location of the searcher. This enables the searcher to access information related to his or her region or neighborhood. The reach of the internet and the ease of access to the information provided by the search engine encourage the searcher to find information that is geographically local to him; a nearby Italian restaurant or car parking lot. This is the basic concept behind local search. Search engines are incorporating features to optimize local search. Local search engines are already functional in the market. Ranking algorithm of search engines consider the region of search as an important parameter. User search patterns indicate that they are prone to conduct local searches more than global search. Small businesses have the scope of increasing their visibility in the locality by appropriate optimization techniques. The availability of information however depends on the availability of resources on the internet as search engines display data that are already available in the internet (Marketing 2012). Conclusion Internet is a global platform that provides massive reach to people across the globe. It has become mandatory for a business to be online to retain its customer base. Businesses that do not have a physical existence can flourish and grow by the proper use of internet. Marketing is an integral part of business and internet marketing is a necessity in the digital era. Every major and minor business is exploiting the connectedness that the internet provides. New business models are emerging to provide foundation for businesses on the internet. Search engines are an integral aspect of the internet. Most internet users rely completely on the search engines to obtain information from the internet. This provides immense opportunity for businesses to make themselves visible to the internet audience. The repeated use of the optimization techniques, however, might undermine the actual purpose of search engines from the users perspective. A person resorts to search engines to find out information on the web about resources due to the overwhelming amount of information available in the internet. Consumers will stop trusting search engines if they receive biased information. Keeping this in perspective, search engines should provide unbiased information besides marketing propagandas. References Aljabre, A., 2012. Cloud computing for increased business value.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(1). Baden-Fuller, C. and Haefliger, S., 2013. Business models and technological innovation.Long range planning,46(6), pp.419-426. Berman, R. and Katona, Z., 2013. The role of search engine optimization in search marketing.Marketing Science,32(4), pp.644-651. Brin, S. and Page, L., 2012. Reprint of: The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual web search engine.Computer networks,56(18), pp.3825-3833. Forbes.com. (2016).Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveolenski/2014/04/03/6-local-seo-strategies-for-small-businesses/#6d88fef2509c [Accessed 4 Nov. 2016]. Forbes.com. (2016).Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/miketempleman/2016/02/16/seo-has-evolved-to-search-experience-optimization/#45fd8d333951 [Accessed 4 Nov. 2016]. Hua, N., Morosan, C. and DeFranco, A., 2015. The other side of technology adoption: Examining the relationships between e-commerce expenses and hotel performance.International Journal of Hospitality Management,45, pp.109-120. Jobber, D. and Ellis-Chadwick, F., 2012.Principles and practice of marketing(No. 7th). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kapoor, K.K., Dwivedi, Y.K. and Piercy, N.C., 2016. Pay-per-click advertising: A literature review.The Marketing Review,16(2), pp.183-202. Kritzinger, W.T. and Weideman, M., 2013. Search engine optimization and pay-per-click marketing strategies.Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce,23(3), pp.273-286. Ledford, J.L., 2015.Search Engine Optimization Bible(Vol. 584). John Wiley Sons. Leung, X.Y., Xue, L. and Bai, B., 2015. Internet marketing research in hospitality and tourism: a review and journal preferences.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(7), pp.1556-1572. Li, K., Lin, M., Lin, Z. and Xing, B., 2014, January. Running and Chasing--The Competition between Paid Search Marketing and Search Engine Optimization. In2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences(pp. 3110-3119). IEEE. Marketing, T.D., 2012. Local search marketing: Targeting consumers in a diverse media landscape. Local search studyMedia usage trends. Mell, P. and Grance, T., 2011. The NIST definition of cloud computing. Moran, M. and Hunt, B., 2014.Search engine marketing, Inc.: Driving search traffic to your company's website. IBM Press. Roberts, M.L. and Zahay, D., 2012.Internet marketing: Integrating online and offline strategies. Cengage Learning. Stokes, R., 2015. eMarketing: The Essential Guide to Online Marketing, v. 1.0. Strauss, J., 2016.E-marketing. Routledge. Vinerean, S., Cetina, I., Dumitrescu, L. and Tichindelean, M., 2013. The effects of social media marketing on online consumer behavior.International Journal of Business and Management,8(14), p.66.

Generational Diversity in the Workplace free essay sample

Diversity in the Workplace Managerial Communications 10/14/2011 Today, the workplace environment is comprised of people, both males and females from all different cultures and generations. For the first time in U. S. history there are four different generations out in the workforce. A generation can be defined as a group of individuals born within a term years having similar ideas, goals, attitudes and experiences. It can also be defined as the average period between the birth of parents and the birth of their children. Resources differ as to when some generations start and end; a generation is usually around 20 years long. generational differences are based on broad variations in values that develop based on the contrasting environment and social dynamics each generation experiences as they come of age. We will write a custom essay sample on Generational Diversity in the Workplace or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the workplace, these differences seem to be generating clashes around work-life balance, employee loyalty, authority, and other important issues. Generational differences are based on broad variations in values that develop based on the contrasting environment and social dynamics each generation experiences as they come of age. In the workplace, these differences seem to be generating clashes around work-life balance, employee loyalty, authority, interpersonal relationships and other important issues (Notter, 2007). Sometimes contradictions and problems arise when identifying the characteristics of a generation. Some studies in the 1980’s described Generation X as self-reliant, ambitious, and career –minded. By the 1990’s they were described as the cynical, whining, slacker generation. There is a lack of mutual exclusivity in generational groups due to where in a generation a person was born. Events such as John F. Kennedy’s assassination and terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 served as formative moments of that generation’s coming of age during the time but also had impact on members of all generations. Generations can also have overlapping or complementary characteristics. Recognizing and understanding the factors that influence a generation can build a foundation for understanding the generational differences. Once there is a foundation to build on, coworkers and managers can enhance their interpersonal relationships and increase productivity. The generations are categorized by four groups; . Traditionalists or Veterans ( 1925-1945) 2. Baby Boomers (1946-1959) 3. Generation X or Xers (1960-1979) 4. Generation Y or Millennials (1980-2000) The first group is known as the Traditionalists or Veterans. This group shared the experiences of the Great Depression and World War 2. Many, but not all of this generation are already retired. After the depression and the war this generation lived in a time period where people needed to pull together and make sacrifices to rebuild their lives. Traditionalists are described as being conservative, loyal and hard working. At work, they adhere to rules, respect authority and are willing to make sacrifices for the company. Traditionalists like a hierarchical structure. They have a strong work ethic, they like to contribute and give advice. They did not grow up with the current technology, which may be why they prefer to work with people rather than computers and would appreciate a written memo or conversation over an e-mail or voicemail. The Baby Boomer generation earned this name because of having the largest impact on American society due to its size. Boomers witness Vietnam, the Kennedy and King assassinations, Woodstock, Watergate and the sexual revolution. Boomers grew up in a time of prosperity and are optimistic. They hold a sense of self-worth, personal fulfillment and believe they are capable of changing the world. They are cause-oriented, workaholics and believe in company loyalty. They care what others think of them but do not take criticism well and may be insulted by constant feedback. Boomers would rather perceive their boss as a friend. Generation X grew up in a period of financial, familial and societal insecurity. They witnessed their parents get laid off despite making sacrifices. They also witness a decline of American global power. Some defining moments and trends of this generation are the end of the Cold War, the Challenger disaster, Sesame Street, MTV, personal computers, AIDS and divorce. Generation Xers grew up with both parents working or divorced parents, becoming the first generation of â€Å"latch key kids†. As a result, they are highly independent, resilient and adaptable. This is the first generation expected to earn less than their parents. They are a skeptical and will question authority. Gen Xers are goal oriented, they want to be challenged, willing to take risks and forget the rules. They also aspire to balance work/personal life. The newest generation has many titles, but most popular is Generation Y or Millennials. Their defining moments are the tragedy of 9/11, the Columbine High School shooting and the bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. Resulting from all this violence is a resurgence of patriotism and heroism. Millennials have been shaped by parental excess, resulting in a generation that is overprotected and overscheduled. They are also the most technologically advanced generation. They are more globally â€Å"in touch† and embrace diversity. Millennials tend to be optimistic, value teamwork and are able to multitask.. While they respect authority, they are not awed by it and want instant gratification. They are socially active and desire a balanced life. Here is a table of some of the four generations’ work characteristics http://www. fdu. edu/newspubs/magazine/05ws/generations. htm Managing each generation requires customizing management styles to each generation’s needs. Traditionalists put work first and need to be shown that they are valued for their contributions. Baby Boomers live to work and believe hard work and sacrifice equals success. Generation X work to live and need to be given options. They aspire to achieve a work/life balance. They need management to be information providers and acknowledge their ability to work independently. Generation Y (Millennials) want to live and then work. Management should customize a plan specific to them, providing information and guidance with the flexibility to balance career/family life. When it comes to training, generations have preferred learning styles. Hard skills are skills where the rules stay the same regardless of which company, circumstance or people you work with. In contrast, soft skills are self-management skills and people skills where the rules changes depending on the company culture and people you work with (http://bemycareercoach. com/1704/soft-skills/hard-skills-soft-skills. html). The majority of Traditionalists and Boomers prefer to learn soft skills on the job and hard skills through classroom instruction. In contrast, Gen Xers and Millenials mostly prefer to learn soft skills and hard skills on the job. Interpersonal relationships are critical to achieving organizational goals (O’Hair, 2011). There are ways to minimize generational conflicts by understanding generational differences and focus on building stronger interpersonal relationships. Research studies have concluded that at least one similarity among all generations is the importance of respect. Consultant Simma Lieberman suggests,† being mindful of how assumptions can influence one’s interactions†. Some of her strategies are to â€Å"show respect, be attentive and approach someone of another generation with interest and avoid generational jargon†. Generational context is not about age but shared experiences. Characterizations based on age should be avoided. Not every Traditionalist is going to hate sending e-mails or producing a Power Point presentation and not every Millennial is going to speak in acronyms. Understanding and acknowledging that each generation may have a different approach to handling the same problem. It is not that one is right and the other wrong, it is just that-different.

Survey Graphing Ideas for 3rd, 4th, and 5th Graders

Survey Graphing Ideas for 3rd, 4th, and 5th Graders As early as kindergarten, students are required to take and analyze surveys. In the younger grades, analyzing graphs can be done on calendars. For instance, each day the children will record the type of weather based on a few weather symbols (cloudy, sunny, rainy foggy etc.) The children are then probed for questions like, How many rainy days have we had this month? or What type of weather have we mostly had this month? The teacher will also use the chart paper to record data about the children. For instance, graph the type of shoe children are wearing. On the top of the chart paper, the teacher will have buckles, ties, slip on, and velcro. Each student would put a tick mark on the type of shoe they are wearing. Once all children have identified the type of shoe they are wearing, the students will then analyze the data. These skills are early graphing and data analyzing skills. As students progress, they will take their own surveys and graph their results. Students need to be taught that there is a variety of ways to record their results. Here are a few ideas to promote graphing and surveying skills. Survey Ideas for Students to Graph and Analyze Survey the type (genre) of books people like to read.Survey how many musical instruments a person can list.Survey a favorite sport.Survey a favorite color or number.Survey favorite pets or types of animals.Survey the weather: temperature, precipitation or type of day (hazy, windy, foggy, rainy etc).Survey a favorite TV show or movie.Survey favorite snack foods, soda flavors, ice cream flavors.Survey favorite holiday locations or favorite all-time holiday.Survey favorite subject in school.Survey number of siblings in a family.Survey amount of time spent watching TV in a week.Survey amount of time spent playing video games.Survey the number of countries people have been.Survey what classmates want to be when they grow up.Survey the types of ads that come on TV over a period of time.Survey the different color of cars that drive by over a specific period of time.Survey the types of ads found in a specific magazine Graphing and Analyzing Survey Data When children have the opportunity to take opinion polls/surveys, the next step is to analyze what the data tells them. Children should try to determine the best way to organize their data. (Bar graph, line graph, pictograph.) After their data is organized, they should be able to state specifics about their data. For instance, what happens the most, the least, and why do they think that is. Eventually, this type of activity will lead to the mean, median, and the mode. Children will require ongoing practice taking polls and surveys, graphing their results, interpreting, and sharing the results of their polls and surveys.

To what Extent was Imperial Germany the Main Reason for the Outbreak Literature review

To what Extent was Imperial Germany the Main Reason for the Outbreak of WWI - Literature review Example Austria-Hungary announced war on Russia as France and Great Britain declared war on Austria-Hungary six days later. Historians and academicians understand the origins of the First World War, or â€Å"the Great War† as it is known, as complex, intense and intricate. This write-up presents a literature review on the causes of World War 1 and particularly Imperial Germany’s role in it. The scale of the war was vast as European powers increased their military spending by more than 300% during the war. Overall, thirty-two nations participated in the war, twenty-eight of which were Allied and Associated Powers, whose principal belligerents were the British Empire, France, Italy, Russia, Serbia, and the United States of America. The Central Powers opposing them were Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire. 2. Causes of World War I One of the initial writings concerning the causes of war, the summarized revisionist history, â€Å"Origins of World War I†, by Sidney Bradshaw Fay discusses the Immediate and Underlying Causes of the war (Fay, 1966). Fay suggests five key reasons behind World War 1: the system of secret alliances, militarism, nationalism, economic imperialism and the newspaper press. Other academicians (Weikart, 1993) have also added social Darwinism to one of the underlying causes of War. Scholars, however, give different weightages to different causes, based on the importance they place on each of the above factors. Author S.R. Williamson takes on a pragmatist perspective by emphasizing that, in the period immediately leading up to World War I, there was a â€Å"militarization of attitudes† all across Europe (Samuel R. Williamson, 1988). â€Å"Militarism† and â€Å"imperialism† were key motivating forces in majority of the European countries to attack each other. Williamson, in his study, however singles out Austria-Hungry as the distruptive force amongst all other nations. The Austria-Hungry Em pire was on a verge of disintegration and hence was preparing a realiatory attack on Serbia for the assasination of the archduke. Historian N. Ferguson, in his book, The Pity of War, elaborates further on the â€Å"Imperialistic virtues† of Europe, and that all European powers were preparing for the war within the confines of their empires. A naval arms race was gaining momentum between Germany and Britain and both countries wanted to demonstrate their strength as world’s greatest imperial powers (Ferguson, 1999). Each European country was also facing fears and threats to their existence and to their expansion plans. The Austrians dreaded the collapse of their multi-racial Empire if they did not challenge the danger of Serb nationalism and Panslavism. The Germans feared the fall of their closest and only reliable ally, Austria that in turn would have weakened their stance in Europe. The Russians were threatened of a humilating defeat to Austria and their failure to pro tect Slavs. The French felt the threat of their German neighbours as Germany increased its might in population, economy and military strength. France's primary defence against the threat of German invasion was its alliance with Russia. This it was essential to protect. The British were vulnerable as well, as their global empire was exposed to hostile forces of Germany and Austria-Hungary with modern navy and war

Define and analyse the key features of global brands. What strategies Essay

Define and analyse the key features of global brands. What strategies should global brands adopt to be successful internationall - Essay Example The paper comprehensively explores the features of global brands along with the strategies adopted by successful global brands. 2. Features and strategies of successful global brands Various lists of top global brands have been accomplished. Companies such as Coca Cola, Sony, Microsoft, Google and IBM have since long been ranked as the top global firms. Managers are, therefore, confronted with the question of what features distinguish successful global brands from the rest? According to one study, various factors have been identified. Firstly, almost all successful global brands have dominant sales positions in their home market (Quelch, 1999). Even though these companies may be popular internationally, it is the home market sales that form their backbone. Secondly, global brands, by definition, are recognized in almost every part of the world and have at least some sales in these areas (Quelch, 1999). In other words, global brands achieve a â€Å"geographical balance† as far as their sales are concerned. ... Next, global brands must have consistency as far as their brand image and positioning is concerned. In other words, they must be perceived in a similar way by customers and must not have conflicting images in customers’ minds. For instance, Disney connotes identical family values across the globe (Quelch, 1999). Furthermore, most successful global brands have the same brand name as their corporate name. Although exceptions exist, this strategy allows such firms to gain greater awareness and stronger and consistent brand identity across the globe. However, global corporate giants such as Unilever and P&G could practically not use a single brand name owing to the myriad of brands under their umbrella. Next, most global brands are known for making something or being associated with a single product category. For instance, Microsoft is best known for its Windows software, Coca Cola has been associated with the Coke beverage and Phillip Morris has been associated with cigarettes. E ven, companies such as Samsung that have diversified their product offerings may stand holistically for product categories such as electronics. Finally, the country of origin effect plays a crucial role in making brands global (Pharr, 2005). Brands such as Mc Donald’s or Marlboro, for instance, reflect the American lifestyle and customer values of Americans. These values in turn drive greater brand loyalty towards the brand. This is exactly where global brands become recognized by virtue of their association with customers of a particular (home) country. For instance, Japanese electronics, French perfumes and German cars all enjoy country of origin effect (Quelch, 1999). Consistency in brand image of global brands is quintessential to deliver a coherent marketing message across the

Impact of Evaluations on Principal's Instructional Leadership Capacity Assignment

Impact of Evaluations on Principal's Instructional Leadership Capacity - Assignment Example Nevertheless, we review what we have gathered for their validity and reliability and identify from the research the direction for future research. Validity refers to the ability of a particular research instrument to measure what it purports to measure (Cohen et al., 2005, p. 105). Cohen et al. (2005, p. 105) clarified, however, that there are several types of validity. According to Cohen et al. (2005, p. 105), some of the concepts of validity relevant for research are as follows: content validity, criterion-related validity; construct validity; internal validity; external validity; concurrent validity; face validity; jury validity; predictive validity; systematic validity; catalytic validity; descriptive validity; interpretative validity; theoretical validity; and evaluative validity. Many of the concepts of validity mentioned are discussed in Cohen et al. (2005, p. 105-117). Meanwhile reliability refers to consistency and replicabilty over time (Cohen et al., 2005, p. 117). Accordi ng to Cohen et al. (2005, p. 117), reliability is also concerned with precision and accuracy. They emphasized that â€Å"for research to be reliable it must demonstrate that if it were to be carried out on a similar group of respondents in a similar context, similar results would happen (Cohen et al., 2005, p. 117). Some of the other concepts related with reliability are stability, equivalence, and internal consistency (Cohen et al., 2005, p. 117-120). According to Cohen et al. (2005, p.120-133), validity and reliability should be simultaneously considered in education research. My review of research done on evaluation systems for principals indicate that further research on evaluation systems for principals should be along these lines: 1. Identifying the elements of the principal evaluation systems adopted by schools making great progress in instruction work and the role played by principal evaluation. 2. Identifying whether there is a correlation between academic performance of s chools and the evaluation systems they have adopted for principals. 3. The role played by VAL-Ed or the Vanderbilt Assessment of Leadership in Education or VAL-ED in improving school performance, if any. The VAL-Ed supposedly met the high standards for content validity and reliability among the principal evaluation systems investigated by the New Leaders for New Schools in 2010. 4. The constraints encountered by schools in implementing a good evaluation system for principals. II. Sun and Youngs (2009) Sun and Youngs (2009, p. 2) described their work to have used hierarchical multivariate linear models â€Å"to investigation the relationships between principal evaluation purpose, focus and assessed leadership activities in 13 school district in Michigan†. Sun and Youngs (2009, p. 2) argued that their study found that â€Å"principals were more likely to engage in learning-centered leadership behaviors when the purposes of evaluation included principal professional development , school restructuring and accountability†. However, Sun and Youngs (2009, p. 2) also clarified that when the focus of evaluation was related to instructional leadership in the school setting, the thrust of the school principal activities have been in curriculum design, teacher professional development and evaluation, and monitoring student learning. In

School Shootings in Atlanta: Causes and Solutions

School Shootings in Atlanta: Causes and Solutions Gun violence and gun control have become a highlighted issue within the United States. In recent years there has been a vast increase in young adults engaging in gun violence, or being caught up in such conflict, particularly within schools. The issue of school shootings has become a major problem within the city of Atlanta. However, with more lives being at potential risk, there has been controversy debates over what causes such incidences and what can we do as a society to solve the problem. It is evident that in order to decrease school shootings the law and community need to work together by limiting or monitoring the accessibility of firearms, identifying risks of violence and providing the correct resources to students that are a potential risk. The spread of school shootings within the United States is at an all-time high. Granting they don’t make up a large percentage of youth violence overall, they are traumatic proceedings for society as a whole. Although the first shooting leads back to 1764, the Pontiacs rebellion school massacre, where 11 people were killed at a schoolhouse in Pennsylvania, the rise of statistics within the last 5 years have been drastic and show a growing trend to a problem within the US. Research states ‘‘Since 2013, there have been more than 300 school shootings in America — an average of about one a week’’ (Everytown). However, the appearance of guns alone or threats of violence is even higher. Statistics are only calculated for the recorded gunshots fired on school grounds or fired within a school during school hours. They do not include incidents where guns have been brought into school without being fired or shootings outside of school hours (Patel). With the ongoing rise in school shootings in the United States as a whole, Georgia ranks one of the highest states for such incidences. Gun violence as a whole has become a major issue in the south, particularly Georgia. Judd states that’s ‘’Georgians are more than twice as likely as New Yorkers to be killed in a shooting. The death rate exceeds even that of Illinois.’’ With the 13th highest death rate, most of those deaths occurred in Atlanta (Judd). Since the sandy nook shooting in 2012, when a gunman shot and killed 20 children and 6 adults with a firearm, Georgia has been the second leading state for school/college shootings, behind Texas, with a total of 23 incidents resulting in either deaths or injuries. At least 5 of those incidences were in Atlanta alone (Karishnakumar). The reason for school shootings follows a controversial debate amongst society. However, it can not go unmentioned that easy gun access is one of the most influential causes. Some will argue gun control is the sole factor in school shootings, others will argue its not the gun, but more so the individual that posses it. Americas love for guns dates back to the second amendment, which give the ‘right to bear arms’.   Originally implemented for the militia, the Supreme Court revitalized it allowing guns in homes for self-defense (Cornell law school). With this in mind, there are approx 300 million guns statewide. With a population of just over 300million, that is roughly an equal amount of guns to persons. However, only one-third of the population own guns, meaning that more than one is held in each of those households (BBC). Household gun ownership is high particularly in the south. Studies show that ‘‘Across the South, 38 percent of households have a gun — compared with 35 percent in the Midwest, 34 percent in the West and 27 percent in the Northeast’’ (Simonton). With this high rate, it makes it very easy for young adults to have access to guns, with or without an adults knowledge. Friedman states that ‘‘The American Medical Association reports that between 36 percent and 50 percent of male eleventh graders said they could easily get a gun if they wanted to’’ (90). Further reasearch also states that ‘‘over two-thirds of students who used guns in violent acts at school got those guns from their own home or that of a relative’ (Erwin). This is likely because the gun was not stored away and unloaded, not because the young adult has freely been given it. However, it shows that there are definite links between household gun ownership and gun violence. Besides the fact that guns are easily accessible within homes, there are over 50,000 gun stores in America making a purchase of a gun an easy task. Within Georgia, the purchase of a gun is very simple. You do not need a permit to purchase a firearm, and you do not need to register the firearm once purchased. However, there are some laws on age restrictions. To buy a handgun statewide the consumer must be at least 18 years old, however in Georgia for an unlicensed person to sell a long gun there is no age restriction (Laws). This is a serious issue as it means that children of any age are able to obtain and have access to a gun without any consequences. With these statistics in mind its safe to say that the easy access to guns plays a huge role in gun violence within schools, however, they are not the only factor that contributes to such incidences. With the many school shootings that have taken place over the years, we try to look at all specific causes and whether there are links between the causes. The media plays a huge role in trying to convince society that there is a specific cause of all school shootings. However, there is no specific profile that fits the motivation of a shooter. Often there does seem to be links between school shootings and a specific factor, but this is not in all cases. Friedman states ‘‘ 66% of shooters interviewed after the attack felt they had been bullied or threatened by classmates and said that was their main reason for shooting others’’ (90). However approx. 1 in 5 children report being bullied in a given year, yet show no signs of violence or such crime (De La O). Although bullying may worsen problems for youth, physically and emotionally, there is very little evidence that alone it is the cause of gun violence. Society often singles out an issue like mental health, revenge, the culture of violence, drug and alcohol abuse, as well as various social problems as the cause. However although many of these factors can be associated with a shooter, it is very hard to say that one alone fits that of every shooter. When we look at all these issues we see that many young adults experience at least one of them, yet don’t commit such a crime. On the other hand, a mix of these factors could be a possible cause and its important that society pays close attention to an individual that may encounter several of these issues to prevent anything further happening (Friedman 52). It is important as a community that everyone works together, including the law, public health, schools, peers, parents, and teachers in order to prevent school shootings from happening. Such proactive procedures include watching for warning signs and identifying and reporting them. This will help a student early who is showing potential risk factors. In most cases, it is apparent that previous to a shooting someone is aware or shown signs that a shooter has plans of an attack. Duplechain and Morris states â€Å"In more than 80% of the cases [he studied], at least one person knew the attacker was planning something; two or more people knew in almost 60 percent of the cases† (146). Most shootings are premeditated and at some point, there is a chance that the shooter has either shown attack-related behavior or discussed the event with someone, whether something is said as a joke or said on a serious matter. In previous shootings, this has occurred. In the Columbine school shooting, the shooter prior to the event wrote a paper on a male who was planning a school shooting, as well as writings journals with all their plans in for the shooting (Gumbell). Nobody at the time thought anything of it, yet it was a significant sign as to what was going to be carried out. This being said, it is very important that students, teachers, parents and all listen and watch for signs and act accordingly. Reporting such suspicions could be crucial in preventing an attack. As well as watching for signs a solution to prevent school shootings is to Work together to provide strategies and the correct resources for students. Sometimes for parents it can be hard to come to terms with the fact their child has a mental health issue or behavioral issues, however, it is important that they get their children the help needed. It is also important that schools provide resources. School counselors pay a pivot role in providing counseling groups to provide tools to deal with emotions, anger, grief, and loss as well and mental health problems. They help support a child in making changes in their life addressing the topics that most concern them (Paolini). With the correct support available and the communities willingness to watch and report suspicions, school incidents could be prevented in the future. However with this in mind, the role of the law is also very important. Stricter gun laws are substantial in reducing gun violence. In the state of Georgia, there are very little restrictions on gun laws. As a state, they allow sales of a gun without a permit or without processing through the federal firearms license, Mentally ill individuals are also removed from the database after 5 years without a reassessment from doctors. This meaning that after a person passes the 5-year mark they are then illegible to purchase or sell a gun, even if they have not been assessed by a doctor to say they are now mentally stable (Cook). Unlike other states, Georgia also sticks with the federal age restriction of 18 to buy a gun, whereas many other states have reassessed age restrictions and moved it to 21.   These weak laws make it very easy for a young adult or mentally unstable individual to acquire a gun.   Many will also argue stricter gun laws will not help reduce school shootings, however, research shows otherwise. When comparing the US to other rich countries with stricter gun laws, there is a huge difference in the homicide rate. Statistics show that ‘‘The number of gun murders per capita in the US in 2012 the most recent year for comparable statistics was nearly 30 times that in the UK, at 2.9 per 100,000 compared with just 0.1’’ (BBC). When looking at the US solely, research also shows that those states with stricter gun control have less gun related deaths. After a law passed in Connecticut in 1995 making it more difficult to buy a handgun the number of homicides reduced by 40%. This law included purchasers having to obtain a license from the police in person as well as passing a background check before being accepted for a sale (Lachman).   All of this research shows that stricter gun laws are a solution towards less gun violence and unless Congress and the government make some amendments, then school shootings are going to continue to occur. It is evident that school shootings are a major issue within Atlanta and America as a whole. With a vast and continuous increase over the given years its important that both the law and community work together to help stop such incidents occurring. Research proves that there is no specific profile for a shooter, however, it is important as a community to watch out for any signs of potential risk, report them and provide students with the correct resources. This and stricter gun laws allowing students access to guns more difficult will help decrease gun violence.   References BBC. ‘‘Guns in the US: The statistics behind the violence.’’ BBC News, 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-34996604 Cook, Rhonda. ‘‘Georgia clears way for mentally ill to buy guns.’’ Myajc, 2018, https://www.myajc.com/news/local/georgia-clears-way-for-mentally-ill-buy-guns/agHJKZW8LiqVI4mu1GQmLJ/ Cornell Law School. ‘‘Second Amendment.’’ LLI/Legal information Institute, https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/second_amendment De La O, Maria. ‘‘School shootings are about more than bullying.’’ The Washington post, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/wp/2013/10/25/school-shootings-are-about-more-than-bullying/?utm_term=.6be5672995ae Dupllechain, Rosiland, and Robert Morris. ‘‘SCHOOL  VIOLENCE:  REPORTED  SCHOOL  SHOOTINGSAND  MAKING  SCHOOLS  SAFER.’’ Galileo, Vol. 135, no. 2, pp.45-150. Erwin, Nicole. ‘‘In wake of school shootings, a look at how kids get guns.’’ Ohio valley resource, 2018, http://ohiovalleyresource.org/2018/01/24/in-wake-of-school-shooting-a-look-at-how-kids-get-guns/ Everytown. ‘’The long shameful list of school shootings in America. ’’ 2018, https://everytownresearch.org/school-shootings/ Friedman, Lauri. School Shootings. Greenhaven ,2010. Gumbell, Andrew. ‘‘The truth about columbine.’’ The guardian, 2009, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/17/columbine-massacre-gun-crime-us Judd, Alan. ‘‘Youre twice as likely to be shot to death in Georgia than New York (and other gun violence facts).’’ Myajc, 2017, https://www.myajc.com/blog/investigations/you-twice-likely-shot-death-georgia-than-new-york-and-other-gun-violence-facts/Kdk3MXsowc6ASzmd15o2QN/ Krishnakumar, Pray. ‘‘Since Sandy Nook, a gun has been fired on school grounds at least once a week.’’ www.Latimes.com, 2015, http://www.latimes.com/projects/la-na-school-shootings-since-newtown/ Law. ‘‘Minimum age to purchase and possess.’’ Giffords law centre to prevent violence, http://lawcenter.giffords.org/gun-laws/policy-areas/who-can-have-a-gun/minimum-age/#federal Lachman, Samantha. ‘‘Conneticut gun control law sharply reduced gun-related violence, report says.’’ Huffpost UK, 2015, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/12/connecticut-gun-control-_n_7570852.html Paolini, Allison. ‘‘School Shootings and Student Mental Health: Role of the School Counselor in Mitigating Violence.’’ Councelling.org, 2015, https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/vistas/school-shootings-and-student-mental-health.p Patel, Jugal, K. ‘‘After Sandy Hook, More Than 400 People Have Been Shot in Over 200 School Shootings.’’ NYtimes.com, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/15/us/school-shootings-sandy-hook-parkland.html Simonton, Stell. ‘‘Guns in school:Georgia has most shootings since Sandy Nook.’’ America.Aljazeera.com, 2015, http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/1/29/gun-lax-georgia-has-most-school-shootings-since-sandy-hook-massacre.html Stages in responding to disasters: Floods Stages in responding to disasters: Floods Responding to Disaster: Floods Effects of Natural and human made disasters are devastating and this calls for competent mental health professionals to provide for disaster relief services to the victims. Victims of flood disasters respond differently depending on their personal experience. In our case, people are warned about the impending danger of flood disaster but some fail to respond at all. Even after the flood disaster, others return to reconstruct their houses and belongings. This means that the type of intervention to be applied should be culture based. The following intervention strategies, marked with stages, would be applied to the victims of the flood disaster. Impact Immediately after the flood strikes, the survivors panic, are confused and cannot think at that moment (Gilliland, James, 2013). Adults are desperately searching everywhere, looking for their missing family members. Victims are exposed to horrors of the aftermath and they are surrounded by death and devastation. It is indeed a time of agony. At this stage, an appropriate intervention would be an emotionally driven Psychological intervention strategy. This strategy helps the individual to recollect themselves and to start focusing on the way forward. Emergence/acute heroic stage After the aftermath, survivors start saving and collecting what they can. It is a â€Å"counting the loss† phase. At this stage, I would recommend for physiological responses as the intervention is focused on physical damage such as loss of property, injuries, geographical displacement, and anger due to the aftermath loss incurred (Gilliland, James, 2013). I will engage in emotionally driven talk with the victims in order to help relief their anxieties surrounding their crisis. I will also provide emotional help on how individuals can recover their property and probably their beloved family members. Inventory stage This is the recovery phase. In this stage, survivors are slowly accepting the realities of life. I will engage in method in which individuals can utilize their abilities in seeking for employment for survival. I will engage in cognitive-behavioral intervention skills and try to convince the survivor on danger of living such vulnerable places (Benedek, Fullerton, Ursano, 2007). The idea to change their perception about the place and make them understand the Government’s warning about the place. Honeymoon stage At this stage, the victims are worried about their financial recovery. This come after one to three months post the flooding disaster. It is a stage of rebuilding. I recommend for cognitive coping strategies in order to help the survivors see the sense of moving from the vulnerable to other places. Coping skills are helpful in enabling the victim change their environment to move on with their normal lives. Avoidance phase At this phase, I will recommend for psycho-social intervention skills. The aftermath effects are coupled with loses, causing psychological disturbance and sometimes lead to Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). With Psycho-social intervention skills a victim can slowly forget about the disaster and start focusing on other things through social life. Adaptation phase Adaptive phase depends on the victim’s resiliency. Resilient people tend to recover faster. In that regard, I will recommend for cognitive-behavioral responses in order strengthen the victims by making them recognize how strong they are. Positive behavioral skills can also influence positive change and hence influence adaptive skills; that the victims can do without their lost ones. Disillusionment phase Disillusion can prevent victims from adapting to their environment. Anything attached to the previously experienced flooding disaster will likely arouse the traumatic experience. To help victims recover from this problem, I will use cognitive coping skills. These skills helps a victim accept the reality, forget about the past and focus on the present. Pathogenic to salutogenic shift At this phase, the victim has not yet fully recovered from the post traumatic stress disorder even after one year after the disaster. It is a critical condition and the victim is always struggling to let go the stress. This may happened to mothers who saw their children drawn by water. Resiliency itself cannot draw the stress away from the victim. A suitable intervention strategy would be the use of the victim’s coherence to overcome the stress. This involves integrating cognitive-behavioral coping skills to enable the victim understand that their problem is manageable. It requires the use of emotional-psychological strategies to convince the victim (Gelbach, 2008). Restabilization/reconstruction This involves the rebuilding of the victim’s emotional and social self. The best way to respond to victims at this stage is by use of psycho-social strategies (Bartley, 2007). This involves encouraging the victim to make new friends and interact with people. Social life interactions allows victims to forget about their past easily and focus on their future. Ethical/ Cultural Consideration Some cultural considerations involve various elements; One, awareness of your world view, two, an understanding of the client’s worldview, and finally, a better understanding of the appropriate intervention to apply on a client depending on the crisis and situation (Goodman, West-Olatunji, 2009). In our case, there is the need for a culture centered disaster response. Bearing that the people were warned about the impending flood disaster and didn’t do anything about it gives us the indication of social cultural factors among the community. Therefore, understanding the existence of social cultural factors among the victims facilitates the conceptualization of the needs of the people, especially in low income communities (Goodman, West-Olatunji, 2009). This also helps in determining the kind of intervention model applicable to a victim. References Bartley, A. G. (2007). Confronting the realities of volunteering for a national disaster. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 29(1), 4-16. Benedek, D. M., Fullerton, C., Ursano, R. J. (2007). First Responders: Mental Health Consequences of Natural and Human-Made Disasters for Public Health and Public Safety Workers*. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 28, 55-68. Gelbach, R. A. (2008). Trauma, research, and EMDR: A disaster responder’s wish list.Journal of EMDR Practice Research,2(2), 146–155.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.2.2.146 Gilliland, B. E., James, R. K. (2013). Crisis intervention strategies. Goodman, R. D., West-Olatunji, C. A. (2009).Applying critical consciousness: Culturally competent disaster response outcomes.Journal of Counseling Development,87(4), 458–465. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2009.tb00130.x

The Role of Education in Shaws Pygmalion and Russells Educating Rita :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

The Role of Education in Shaw's Pygmalion and Russell's Educating Rita    Both plays show that education can be used as a tool for emancipating working class individuals. Both Eliza and Rita get uprooted and have to give up personal features. Language is linked up with identity and both find a new identity through education. Rita is treated in the way according to her language. Yet pure language training doesn't transform her character and identity profoundly. Her change is simply external. Rita, on the other hand, keeps her way of speaking but develops her character and reaches personal independence. She has been internally changed because of literature. By comparing both plays, we see that education requires both language training and knowledge of literature.    Eliza's transformation demonstrates that social distinctions such as accents are artificial and suggest that class barriers can be overcome by language training. It becomes questionable however if language reveals or forms one's character. Eliza's outcry at the end of the play denies this idea. Yet she understands herself better. Education is connected with social progress. Eliza's problems show that language alone provides only a superficial transformation. She lacks education to become fully integrated. By this, Shaw illustrates the impossibility of moving classes in those days.    Eliza's never thought about becoming educated herself. Rita, on the contrary, wants to use education as a means of complete change, as the means by which people develop their potential. She succeeds in leaving her working class environment behind. Is education only liberating? As Rita adopts a new culture and becomes alienated, she might be regarded as limited, just like Frank, who has no understanding for people of a different class.

The Paralegal Career and Why

When I first thought about becoming a paralegal, I was in working for a Trust and Probate attorney who also had a Title company. I enjoyed the data gathering, research, meeting people and understanding their needs and helping them find peace of mind. I had also just become interested in John Grisham novels, which, granted, does not truly represent the legal field in the most correct light, but they are legal thrillers nonetheless.For some reason the combination of these two things made me think about pursuing a career in the legal field. I knew for certain that I did not want to go to law school, since I was a Mom with a lot of responsibility. I took an on-line course to become a legal assistant. However, when we moved, I had to change my career as I was offered a very challenging position in the insurance field. I studied to get my California Life, Health, Long Term Care, Property and Casualty licenses. Then my job required me to get my Series 7 and 66.These were all on-lines classe s, they were convenient and could be obtained around my work schedule. I am a classroom-oriented person. So, when I was laid off, I concluded that this was my chance to get back into the legal field and a paralegal would be a happy medium. In the meantime, my son graduated from law school and passed the California Bar. I now find myself wanting a job in a local law firm. So here I am now, writing a paper on the career that I now find myself eagerly pursuing.

Derby Evening Telegraph Essay Example

Derby Evening Telegraph Essay Example Derby Evening Telegraph Essay Derby Evening Telegraph Essay Media is the plural of the word medium, which often refers to different ways of communicating with other people; if the target is a large number of people, then it is called mass media. There are many types of media, such as TV, radio, films, newspaper, Internet etc. The main purpose of media is to entertain; however they can also be used to persuade, inform, explain and advice. Media can be very powerful; therefore people are influenced and affected by them. The two articles we have looked at for analysis have a common theme both talks about the dangers and long-term effects of tanning.The first article is from The Big Issues and the second is from Derby Evening Telegraph. The Big Issue is a magazine sold on the streets of big cities; Derby Evening Telegraph is a local tabloid paper. Tanning has not always been very fashionable. In the Tudor times, untanned skin was considered to be a sign of wealth and status. People who were tanned were often labourers and peasants working outside on the farms. However in the nineteen twenties, when Coco Chanel, a top designer, returned from the Mediterranean with a tan, people thought that it was very attractive.Nevertheless not everybody could afford to travel abroad for a tan, it was only in the sixties, when package holidays came into place, going abroad was made possible. Nowadays, if people are tanned, it means that they have money to go on holiday abroad. The Big Issue, as mentioned before, is a magazine sold on the streets, and the profit goes to the homeless people. It was founded in nineteen ninety-four. The Derby Evening Telegraph is a local tabloid paper founded in eighteen seventy-nine with a circulation of approximately five and a half thousand.The two texts have been written with different intentions and they both have specific target audiences. The first text, Sun Vampires from The Big Issue, has been written to inform the readers of the dangers and long-term effects of tanning. Other purposes include: to ridicule the tanorexics, to advice people about the proper method of tanning and to warn those who are beginning to go on the sunbeds. The main target audience of this article is the younger generations of the society who are more likely to get addicted to tanning on sunbeds.Nevertheless to some extent, the authorial intent is to entertain and titillate leisurely readers who are looking for something to amuse the mind. In order to achieve the purpose and communicate the ideas to the readership, the writer uses vernacular language such as fork out, one hell of a habit and lets face it, and modern names, e. g. Peter Andre and Bros these techniques appeal greatly to the young people and therefore convey the message more effectively.The writer also grabs the attention of casual readers by using a light-hearted tone- as a result of this, the reader wouldnt be too shocked or frightened, thus willing to buy another copy of the magazine in the future. The second text, Face the fact the sun is a real danger, from Derby Evening Telegraph (DET), have similar purposes to the Sun Vampires: to inform, to advice and to warn. However, unlike Sun Vampires, this article concentrates more on one particular event, rather than the general overview of suntanning. This is because of the difference in the readerships.This article has been specifically written for the people of Derby. So by using a local story, the readers can relate themselves to it more, therefore are likely to be swayed by the contents of the text. An example of that is the inclusion of a local skin specialist nurse, i. e. Karen Elton; the readers might trust a local professional more than an external one because the chances are that they have heard of the expert somewhere before or have had contact with him or her. A possible age group of the target audience is middle-aged women.Younger girls might find it hard to relate to the older woman in the article because of the huge age difference. The words fact and danger suggest that the article is going to be serious, therefore it becomes less appealing to the younger girls. The citizens living in Derby, the main readership of D. E. T, are more likely to alert to the dangers of tanning and sense the urgency, because the story is happening very close to them. In order to effectively convey the messages many presentational devices are used in the two texts.The headline is bold print and immediately attracts casual browsers attention, hence making them interested in the article. The headline is positioned in a very eye-catching place: right at the top; the casual browsers is one of the target audiences and the headline would quickly meet their eyes. The strapline, which is just below the headline, gives more information about the headline, as if defining the words, Sun Vampires. However, it is not as important as the main headline, therefore it is in a slightly smaller font and less bold.The middle-sized picture of a young woman on a sunbed is a reflection of the headline. In the same way as the headline, the image shows contrast: the white sunbed Sun compares to the burnt skin Vampires. This helps the readers build much more vivid images of what Sun Vampires look like. Furthermore, a sunbed has connotations of a vampires coffin and the girl with blackened skin symbolises a vampire; this shocking image exaggerates the writers point and is almost an artistic translation of the headline. The illustration also assists to convey the message: it shows the long-term effects of tanning.This article is organised into columns, which makes it easier to read this is especially beneficial for the young readers that dont always have great concentration skills. Within the article, there are snippets of quotes from the text these are designed specifically for casual browsers who arent willing to read whole chunks of text to understand what the article is about. There isnt a caption to go with the illustration, however some may argue that the headline, Sun Vampires, in fact acts as a caption in someway.

American Revolution Essays

American Revolution Essays American Revolution Essay American Revolution Essay Fearing the French gaining the per hand, the British not only tried to bribe the Iroquois to their side with goods, but also at tempted to create an international confederation, which they hoped would unify the colonies a ND provide a systematic and mutual defense system. As the Seven Yeas War began in America, one of the first British offensives w as an attack on Fort Duquesne by General Edward Bradford and his 2,200 men in 1 755. However, a coalition of French and Indian forces assaulted the British force, and after he ivy losses and the death of Bradford, the British forces retreated. With the retreat, Franchised Indians began attacking the borders Of the colonies, effectively halting both the war effort as well as expansion for three years. The French and Indians took both Fort Owes and Fort William m Henry, and with these gains, they now held a much better position over the British, both n Europe and America. However, the tides turned when the Iroquois began to fear that the French were getting too powerful, and they resigned from fighting, which also caused many of the other Indian tribes to stop and/ or switch sides. Also, William Pit became the leader of the military sect of the British cabinet. Pit rallied the colonists into fighting through offering to pay of r the war debt, which generated over 40,000 new soldiers. With fresh, new soldiers, the tide o f the battle turned, as the British took back their lost lands, and after driving the French out of the e colonies they captured Montreal in 1759. Don 2 These defeats forced the French to negotiate terms for land distribution in No Roth America. However, the French did try to launch a recapture, which failed miserably. Aft rewards, the British and French agreed that France was to give up all of the land east of the Mississippi to Britain. It was not only France and Britain in the talks, however, as Spain was also involved. A series of trades then began. Spain would take all lands west Of Louisiana from the French, and would give Britain control of Florida in exchange for Cuba. At the end of it all, both Britain and Spain had massive land holdings, and the French only had tiny spots of territory rye in the Caribbean and islands in North America. French subjects, who did not support their new British rulers, were forced out, and most of them went to Louisiana, and became Cajuns. 2. Imperial Revenues and Reorganization, 17601766 In the aftermath of the Seven Years War, the British sought a way to strength en and pay for their now much larger empire. The British government passed Acts, such a s the Stamp Act, to generate money. However, the colonists did not like these newfound taxes, and protested, sometimes violently. Throughout the war, there were tensions between British and Colonial troops , with each feeling that the other was somehow in the wrong. The British felt that the cool nail troops were unrecognized and ungrateful, and the Colonial troops felt the British were stuck k up. The British ere also angry that the colonists were free from paying the debts of the war, as the debt in England skyrocketed. However, because colonists were spending so much on British goods, the price of which had risen during wartime, they also fell into debt. With this cam e much suspicion of Britain purposely putting the colonists into this situation. These were not the e only tensions that arose after the war. Many Natives, fearing that the British would take their Ian d and enslave them, attacked British forts and raised an antibiotics sentiment. Pontiac Rebel lion, as it was now, was ultimately a failure, as the the British crushed them with help fro m smallpox and other factors. King George also proclaimed that all of the land west of the App Alsatians was now under royal rule, and that the Indians could either give them up to the British or leave. However, this Proclamation of 1763 angered the colonists in that it felt that the royal c rowan had suddenly taken all of their claims to the west, instead of giving them back to the colonies s. Finally, with this uprising came the governments decision to station 1 0,000 British troops n the new lands. This would cost a heavy amount of money, and Parliament wanted the colonic SST to help pay. This, combined with the colonists idea of the standing army in their lands, g eve way to more tensions between the colonists and the British government. To stop illegal trade with foreign nations, the British government allowed fort heir authorities in the colonies to apply a writ of assistance which allowed for the seizing of illegal goods (basically a search warrant). However, many colonists considered this d comment Don 3 unconstitutional as it did not require any evidence or suspicion, which mean t that anybody, at NY time, could be searched. Smugglers in Boston quickly reacted to this act, and appointed James Otis to argue against it. Otis argued that it was indeed unconstitutional, and thus that made the act void. However, Parliament ruled against Otis, and he lost the case. No nonetheless, this case brought forth a very important point; that the government had no power to in fringe the rights off man under the Constitution. The Sugar Act was passed in 1764 as another way to help raise money for the expenses of the war. The Sugar Act presented a tax on all molasses and sugar entering t he colonies from the West Indies. However, with the Navigation Acts already in play, the colonic TTS still decided to import the cheap molasses from the French. Even though Parliament knew the is, they did not immediately take action. The Sugar Act was also very complicated in its ways. First of all, it basically stated that any good that went through Britain first could then be shih peed to other countries, which effectively voided the Navigation Acts. Parliament saw this as beneficial to Britain, as they believed it would bring in more trading out of British ports rat her than say French ports. Also, because there were newfound requirements, such as a m altitude of papers and forms that a captain had to fill out, many ships could be searched due to a technical error, not necessarily for the captain doing anything wrong. Because the Sugar Act was enforced so heavily, many ships were searched. In the end, Parliament lowered the tax to I sees than a penny, which helped to deter some smugglers. The impact of the Stamp Act was that many colonists were now aware of the growing number of policies and bills pushed onto the m by Parliament. Although the Sugar Act did raise some revenue, Britain was still in massive De bet. So, to try to relieve more debt they passed the Stamp Act in 1765. The Stamp Act WA s an act that required any colonists who wanted to create or sign a document (newspaper, licenses, buying land etc. ) to buy a stamped paper. The Stamp Act immediately had a much liar egger impact on the colonists as compared to the Sugar Act, as it applied to almost all of the colonic SST, instead of just merchants and traders. William Pit argued that Parliament couldnt tax British h subjects who did not have representation in Parliament. George Greenville, the British Prime Mi mister, agreed, but also stated that they had Virtual representation in Parliament, and thus cool d be taxed. Colonists agreed that this act infringed on their political autonomy. Obviously Parliament and the colonists had different ideas about the sloganeering of the colonies. Note heelless, the Stamp Act caused much backlash within the colonies. Many colonists had similar opinions on the Stamp Act. The majority of colonic TTS were upset by the tax itself, and the trivial idea of Virtual representation. Patrick H energy, a lawyer out of Virginia, sparked more support against this act. Henry requested that the Vi ragging House of Burgesses to deny parliaments taxation Of the colonies through a series Of w ell worded resolutions. Henry drafted some of these resolutions, and passed them to Par lineament, but he did Don 4 not have much success. Parliament was unimpressed and somewhat offended d by Henrys strong language towards them. However, to the everyday man not involved in politic s, Henrys resolutions sounded very strong. In Boston, where common people were in a poor situation, these resolutions brought forth a revolutionary fire. Many of the citizens of Boo stone had seen dramatic decrease in profits and overall wealth, due to numerous factors. So me of these factors were taxes, like the Navigation and Sugar Acts, as well as the loss of industry t other colonies. Bostonians heavily, and sometimes violently, resisted the Stamp Act. Through out the colonies, groups of men, known as the Sons of Liberty formed to help foster more pr tests, although they did keep the protests from getting too violent. In 1765 some colonial rep restoratives met at the Stamp Act Congress, to discuss the authority of Parliament over the colonic sees. They agreed that Parliament did lack authority to tax the colonies. As riots continued, royal agents as well as stamp distributors were rejecting to do their jobs. Colonial elites, fearing a ever y violent outcome, ride to restore businesses and local trade to how it was. Many colonists tried to force the Stamp Act to be repealed, as was seen in New York, where merchants decided to not buy any British goods. These boycotts and riots caused panic in Britain. In Parliament, the prime minister was reluctant to repeal the law because so many of the British elites were furious at the colonists refusal. Parliament attempted to s WAP out the Stamp Act for a Declaratory Act, which stated that Parliament could in fact legislate f or the colonies. In Parliaments eyes, this was an affirmation of their power over the colonies. Ho waver, the colonists interpreted this Declaratory Act as that similar to Ireland, where the y could be exempt of taxes. However, Parliament argued that it should not be taken so literally. I n the end, most colonists were simply happier at the repellent of the Stamp Act than the pa sing of the Declaratory Act. In the wake of the chaos caused by the Stamp Act, many colonists began to q question the authority of Parliament. Because of the common mans involvement in govern meet affairs during the Stamp Act, many of these common people began to actually pay at attention to the government. The writings of En lightened thinkers, such as John Locke, and the ideas in his writings, became more common and widespread throughout the colonies. A g roof called the opposition sits arose, who questioned the motives of Parliament, and argued t hat they did not adequately embody the ideals of government. The combination of Enlighten meet ideas as well as the hatred of the British helped to spread antibiotics feelings around the cool nines. Samuel Adams combined the ideas of republicanism with religion, which bolstered his following. Puritan Church leaders cried for God and liberty which further boosted the message f revolution. With almost every colonist surrounded by these constant ideas about the Tara any of the British, it was hard not to be sucked into the revolutionary feel. Don 5 3. Resistance Resumes, 17661770 As the resistance to the Stamp Act died down after its repeal, more problems were instigated by other acts. For example, the Quartering Act required the colonies s to pay for housing and goods for soldiers. Because the colonial assemblies had agreed that only they could create unreasoning ventures, this act furthered the idea of Britains tyranny, as Bruit main was forcing another act upon the colonies. New York in particular boycotted this act, but P reliant was swift to pass the New York Suspending Act, which said that New York would n to be able to pass laws. Although New York did come to terms with the Quartering Act, it shows d that British officials were becoming much more stern in how they would enforce these AC TTS. Britains problems with taxes and debt posed problems for the colonies too. B cause Britain still wanted to raise more money to soothe their debt, they tried once more to take advantage of the colonies demands. Parliament passed the Revenue Act in 17 67 which taxed the imported goods to the colonies. Earlier, the colonists were more concerned a bout direct internal taxes, but had not stated much regarding import taxes. The colonists saw this Act as similar to the Stamp Act in that it acted simply as a way to increase prices to get more m none. However, the main point of the Revenue Act was a way to pay for royal officials in the co Monies, so that they would be exempt of the colonial assemblies power. This would then tip t he balance of power from the colonial assemblies to the relationships officials. At first, the colonists had little resistance to this act, until John Dickinson wrote e a number f points saying why it was unjust. He stated that it was unjust to tax something nag simply to make revenue. Following Dickinson writings, James Otis urged the Massachusetts c nuncio to oppose the Revenue Act. The resolutions were drafted by Samuel Adams, and stated t hat taxation without representation was unjust and that there was a threat to sloganeer once by the independence of royal officials. This was then passed to the Virginia assembly , which also agreed to the points. However, a new British official, Lord Hillsboro, was a appointed to get the assemblies to destroy the letter. This backfired, as many of the other cool sees assemblies took up the letter as a sign of protest against Hillsboro. To get Parliament to repeal the Revenue Act, Bostonians once again boycotted, this time against importation. As this non importation agreement? spread, more and more people backed the repeal NT of the Revenue Act. The Sons of Liberty also resumed in their efforts. Ultimately the boycott o f imports pushed colonists to resist more and more British policies. Merchants and traders in Britain were very upset with the American boycotts, as around 40 percent of their exports to America were effectively nullified. Now that Poe pale in England ere affected, a movement against the policies Of King George arose, and was led by John Don 6 Wilkes. Wilkes wrote his newspaper which shamed and defaced King Georges policies, and multiple warrants went out for his arrest. Wilkes fled England, but when he re turned, he ran for Parliament. After a series of escapes from the King, Wilkes was elected to Partial amend but then arrested. People in America, after hearing what he did, raised money to pay f or his debts. He became famous in America for his defense of liberty. As the colonists upheld their policy of non importation, white women and thee r role in society began to change. Because the number of white women in churches o outnumbered the men, the Church was a great area for women to gather spread ideas. Women also s purported their husbands in their endeavors, such as boycotting drinking tea. Women enforce d the boycotts of the colonists within their own households, which helped the spread of these ideas. When the colonists began to boycott English clothing, women took charge to make their own clothing, with one example being that they organized spinning bees. It was evident that the us port of women behind men really bolstered the feeling of resistance within the colonies. Apart from the Revenue Acts, the British Parliament also sought to further Neff Orca the Navigation Acts. Parliament passed an act that allowed for more customs office ills along the docks, and these officials, along with informers, were given quite a bit of pop err over the merchants. Because these port officials could simply search and seize any s hip, many merchants, who were trying to boycott English goods, found it hard to smuggle e any foreign goods in. Merchants looked down upon these informers and commissioners, as they received heavy fines if they were caught smuggling. In Boston, merchants rebelled gaga SST these commissioners after John Hammocks ship was searched. 4. The Deepening crisis, 17701774 Hammocks backlash against the Acts provoked a worse response from Britain. Later on, Britain sent 4,000 troops to occupy Boston, and the citizens frowned at their a arrival. Bostonians now did not feel independent, rather like prisoners of war. Soldiers looked do win upon the citizens, and vice versa. Tensions grew between the two sides, and at one poi NT a child was shot by a customs informer. This escalated tensions to the point of the Boston Mass sacred, where Crisps Attacks led a group to protest at the customs office. Attacks and four other people died after the guards fired upon the crowd. Afterwards, the guards who had killed the citizens only received a slight punishment. The colonists began fabricating ideas that the the e British government would begin to suppress their freedom through brute force. With a change Of prime ministers, Britain tried to ease tensions with the colon sits a bit more. The new prime minister, Lord North, offered to repeal most of the Tow unshed Acts, but Don 7 would keep the tea tax. The colonists, however, still boycotted the tea. Partial meet decided to pep the tax on tea despite the continual resistance of the colonies. To try to fund the paychecks Of the relationships ambassadors, parliament t decided to fund them through the money made off customs. The colonists knew that have ins independent governors was not beneficial for their own internal governments, which is who y they created committees of correspondence which exchanged information regarding cool animal rights with one another.